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  • 2007

  • Gallese, Vittorio; Eagle, Morris N.; Migone, Paolo (2007): Intentional attunement: mirror neurons and the neural underpinnings of interpersonal relations. In: Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 55 (1), S. 131-176. DOI: 10.1177/00030651070550010601

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17432495 

    Abstract: The neural circuits activated in a person carrying out actions, expressing emotions, and experiencing sensations are activated also, automatically via a mirror neuron system, in the observer of those actions, emotions, and sensations. It is proposed that this finding of shared activation suggests a functional mechanism of "embodied simulation" that consists of the automatic, unconscious, and noninferential simulation in the observer of actions, emotions, and sensations carried out and experienced by the observed. It is proposed also that the shared neural activation pattern and the accompanying embodied simulation constitute a fundamental biological basis for understanding another's mind. The implications of this perspective for psychoanalysis are discussed, particularly regarding unconscious communication, projective identification, attunement, empathy, autism, therapeutic action, and transference-countertransference interactions.

    Keywords: Affect, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Communication, Evoked Potentials, Motor/physiology, Haplorhini, Humans, Intention, Interpersonal Relations, Nerve Net/physiology, Psychoanalytic Therapy, Sensation/physiology, Transference, Psychology, Unconscious, Psychology, Visual Perception

  • 2006

  • Gallese, Vittorio (2006): Intentional attunement: a neurophysiological perspective on social cognition and its disruption in autism. In: BRAIN RESEARCH (1), S. 15-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.054

    DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16680812 

    Abstract: A direct form of experiential understanding of others, "intentional attunement", is achieved by modeling their behavior as intentional experiences on the basis of the activation of shared neural systems underpinning what the others do an feel and what we do and feel. This modeling mechanism is embodied simulation. In parallel with the detached sensory description of the observed social stimuli, internal representations of the body states associated with actions, emotions, and sensations are evoked in the observer, as if he/she would be doing a similar action or experiencing a similar emotion or sensation. Mirror neuron systems are likely the neural correlate of this mechanism. By means of a shared neural state realized in two different bodies, the "objectual other" becomes "another self". A defective intentional attunement caused by a lack of embodies simulation might cause some of the social impairments of autistic individuals.

    Keywords: Animals, Autistic Disorder/physiopathology/psychology, Brain/cytology, Cognition/physiology, Emotions/physiology, Humans, Intention, Models, Psychological, Neurons/physiology, Neurophysiology/methods, Sensation/physiology, Social Behavior
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