Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018) : Gender stereotyping, prejudice, and shifting standards In: Travis, Cheryl B.; White, Jacquelyn W.; Rutherford, Alexandra; Williams, Wendi S.; Cook, Sarah L.; Wyche, Karen Fraser (Hg.): APA handbook of the psychology of women: History, theory, and battlegrounds (Vol. 1): Washington: American Psychological Association, S. 343-361
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0000059-017 Abstract: Gender is a salient social category, and no one reading this book will be surprised to learn that gender matters in everyday social perception and interaction. People readily notice others’ (apparent) gender, and they hold gender-based expectations regarding traits, roles, behaviors, and skills. These cognitive proclivities contribute to the tendency for gender to color people’s perceptions and judgments of individual girls and boys, women and men. In academic and work settings, for example, gendered beliefs may lead perceivers to view women as less suitable than men for managerial positions (Koenig, Eagly, Mitchell, & Ristikari, 2011), to notice poor performance in women more quickly than in men (Biernat, Fuegen, & Kobrynowicz, 2010), and to give women less credit than men for successful team performance (Heilman & Haynes, 2005). These examples may not rise to the level of blatant sex discrimination captured in the TV series Mad Men or in Supreme Court cases such as Price Wa terhouse v. Hopkins (1989; failure to promote a qualified woman) or Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986; sexual harassment), but even subtle biases can accrue over time, affecting women’s advancement and pay (see Martell, Lane, & Emrich, 1996). As I write this chapter, five women from the World Cup–winning U.S. women’s national soccer team have filed a wage discrimination suit against the U.S. Soccer Federation, claiming they are paid 4 times less than their male counterparts (Das, 2016). One does not need to look far to see evidence that gender continues to affect workplace outcomes. In this chapter, I will consider the research literature on how gendered beliefs affect the way individuals are perceived, evaluated, and treated, particularly in work and academic settings. I will also point to the complexity of these judgmental patterns, noting that counterstereotypical effects may occur under some conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved )
2017
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(2017): Isms and schisms. A meta-analysis of the prejudice-discrimination relationship across racism, sexism, and ageism. In: Journal of Organizational Behavior 38 (7), S. 1076-1110. DOI: 10.1002/job.2187
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2187 Abstract: Racism, sexism, and ageism persist in modern day organizations and may translate into workplace discrimination, which can undermine organizational effectiveness. We provide the first meta-analysis comparing the relationships between these three types of prejudice (racism, sexism, and ageism) and three types of workplace discrimination (selection, performance evaluation, and opposition to diversity-supportive policies). Across outcomes, racism was associated with workplace discrimination, whereas sexism was not. Ageism was associated with discriminatory selection and opposition to organizational policies supporting older workers; however, ageism was not related to discriminatory performance evaluation. Consistent with prior research and theory, Implicit Association Test measures were related to subtle discrimination (opposition to diversity-supportive policies) but not deliberate discrimination (selection and performance evaluation). Finally, prejudice was more strongly as sociated with discrimination against real as compared with hypothetical targets. Implications for organizational researchers and practitioners are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Kultursensible Aspekte während der Diagnostik von psychischen Belastungen bei Flüchtlingen – Zwei kommentierte Fallberichte. In: Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie 67 (3-04), S. 109-118. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-107802
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27706544 Abstract: High levels of mental disorders, especially PTSD, are commonly known among groups of people forced to leave their homeland as a consequence of war-related experiences (e. g. armed conflict, torture or persecution). Depending on the cultural background the perceptions of illnesses vary, different symptom presentation and thereupon different coping strategies respectively expectations towards health care services exist. To minimize the danger of misdiagnosis by different experts working with refugees in the host countries, a culture-sensitive diagnostic approach is needed from the beginning. This article describes important aspects of culture-sensitive diagnostics by means of 2 commented case reports. Special focus is set on the aspect of linguistic and in a broader sense cultural comprehension between therapist, client and if necessary language mediator.
Keywords: Adult, Communication Barriers, Culturally Competent Care, Culture, culture sensitive, Disziplin, Female, Germany, Humans, Kultur, Kulturtheorie, Life Change Events, Linguistik, Male, Mental Disorders/diagnosis/ethnology/psychology, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Pathologie, Physician-Patient Relations, PREJUDICE, Psychologie, Refugees/psychology, Social Identification, Somatoform Disorders/diagnosis/ethnology/psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/ethnology/psychology, Suicidal Ideation, Translating 2016
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(2016): Positive and Negative Ageism. In: Affilia 31 (2), S. 207-218. DOI: 10.1177/0886109915595839
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109915595839 Abstract: Addressing social injustice is an integral aspect to social work; however, the challenge lies in the fact that society is stratified by sociodemographic characteristics creating power and privilege for some and oppression for many. Understanding how biases that support this social structure are interrelated further elucidates the systemic nature of biases. This study examined the extent to which sexist beliefs would help explain ageism. Results indicated that benevolent sexism was associated with positive ageism, and hostile sexism helped explain negative ageism. These findings contribute to theory development on interlocking prejudices and inform pedagogical approaches that help address biases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
2015
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(2015): Sex as a source of power?. Backlash against self-sexualizing women. In: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 19 (1), S. 110-124. DOI: 10.1177/1368430214558312
Abstract: Although women are thought to possess sexual power, they risk social and economic penalties (i.e., backlash; Rudman, 1998) when they self-sexualize (i.e., assert their power; Cahoon & Edmonds, 1989; Glick, Larsen, Johnson, & Branstiter, 2005). Why? Drawing on the status incongruity hypothesis (SIH), which predicts backlash against powerful women because they challenge the gender hierarchy, prejudice was expected against self-sexualizing women to be explained by a dominance penalty rather than a communality deficit (Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Phelan, & Nauts, 2012). Two experiments supported this hypothesis, and Experiment 3 further showed that the dominance penalty was explained by ascribing power motives to self-sexualized women. These findings extend the SIH's utility to the domain of self-sexualization and illuminate the scope of people's discomfort with female power. In conclusion, implications for the advancement of gender equality are discussed. zitiert von 6
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(2015) : Sexism In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 693-699
Abstract: This article first reviews the historical rise and the developments of psychological research on sexism which led to the differentiation between biological sex and cultural gender, and highlights commonalities between gender relations and other status-based intergroup relations. Old-fashioned, overt and explicit forms of sexism are then distinguished from contemporary, more subtle, and implicit forms. The latter are characterized by ambivalence of hostility and benevolence toward women. The final section discusses major behavioral consequences of the different forms of sexism, emphasizing the harmful impact of benevolence on women's feelings of self-worth and competence, and actual performances.
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(2015): When sexual threat cues shape attitudes toward immigrants. The role of insecurity and benevolent sexism. In: Frontiers in psychology 6. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01033
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26283985 Abstract: Drawing on psychological and political science research on individuals' sensitivity to threat cues, the present study examines reactions to political posters that depict male immigrants as a sexual danger. We expect anti-immigrant attitudes to be more strongly predicted by feelings of insecurity or representations of men and women as strong and fragile when individuals are exposed to sexual threat cues than when they are not. Results from two online experiments conducted in Switzerland and Germany largely confirmed these assumptions. Comparing two anti-immigrant posters (general and non-sexual threat vs. sexual threat), Experiment 1 (n = 142) showed that feelings of insecurity were related to an increased support for expelling immigrants from the host country in both cases. However, only in the sexual threat cues condition and among female participants, were perceptions of women as fragile-as measured with benevolent sexism items-related to support for expelling immigrants. Further distinguishing between different forms of violence threat cues, Experiment 2 (n = 181) showed that collective feelings of insecurity were most strongly related to support for expelling immigrants when a male immigrant was presented as a violent criminal. In contrast, benevolent sexist beliefs were related to anti-immigrant stances only when participants were exposed to a depiction of a male immigrant as a rapist. In both cases attitudes were polarized: on the one hand, representations of immigrants as criminals provoked reactance reactions-that is, more positive attitudes-among participants scoring low in insecurity feelings or benevolent sexism. On the other hand, those scoring high in these dimensions expressed slightly more negative attitudes. Overall, by applying social psychological concepts to the study of anti-immigrant political campaigning, the present study demonstrated that individuals are sensitive to specific threat cues in posters.
Keywords: ATTITUDES, Attribution, Cues, Gesellschaft, Immigration, Labeling, PREJUDICE, Rape, Sexism, Threat, Verhaltensforschung -
(2015): The role of attachment style in women’s recognition of sexism. In: Personality and Individual Differences 74, S. 235-240. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.029
Abstract: The present research examined how differences in attachment style might impact women’s awareness of sexism. Identity threat models of stigma emphasize the role of individual differences in responding to social identity threats, however little is known about what factors lead to avoidance versus vigilance for such threats. Furthermore, research shows that insecure attachment is related to avoidant responses to blatantly threatening cues, but vigilance when such cues are ambiguous. Thus, insecurely attached women should acknowledge less sexism toward women when faced with instances of blatant sexism, whereas their awareness should be heightened by instances of ambiguous sexism. Conversely, securely attached women should acknowledge sexism when encountering blatant rather than ambiguous instances of sexism. In a test of these hypotheses, 155 women were exposed to either a male verbally rejecting a women’s opinion for blatantly sexist or ambiguously sexist reasons. The data confirm predictions. The findings suggest interventions to improve outcomes for stigmatized groups should consider impacts of attachment style, and further, that attachment style might partially explain women’s divergent responses to sexism.
Keywords: Attachment, Geschlechterforschung, PREJUDICE, science direct, Sexism, Stereotyped Attitudes, stigma 2014
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(2014): Diversity-Trainings. Einstellungen zwischen Gruppen sozialpsychologisch fundiert verbessern. In: Aktuelle Trends in der Personal- und Organisationsentwicklung
Abstract: Grundlagen des Diversity-Konzepts und des Diversity-Managements in Unternehmen werden erlautert und Erfahrungen mit Diversity-Trainings werden reflektiert. Im Rahmen einer Definition werden unterschiedliche Dimensionen und Typen von Diversity beschrieben und theoretische Modelle erlautert. Nach einer Darstellung der Grunde und Ziele von Diversity-Management werden Massnahmen zum Umgang mit Stereotypen und Vorurteilen am Arbeitsplatz beschrieben, von denen die wichtigste in Diversity-Trainings besteht. Neben grundlegenden Aspekte der Trainingsgestaltung und moglichen Fehlern bei der Durchfuhrung wird ein Uberblick uber die Trainingspraxis gegeben und ein Diversity-Training vorgestellt, welches theoriegeleitet entwickelt wurde, um soziale (vor allem sexistische) Einstellungen zu verbessern. Anhand von Evaluationsergebnissen wird verdeutlicht, dass die Erhohung wahrgenommener Vielfalt innerhalb von Gruppen einen wesentlichen Faktor fur die Verbesserung von Gruppenbeziehungen darstellt.
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(2014) : “It Don’t Matter If You’re Black or White”? In: Jamshidi, Mo: Advance Trends in Soft Computing: Proceedings of WCSC 2013, December 16-18, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 8239: Cham: Springer (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing), S. 422-431
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02675-6_42 Abstract: Previous work shows that other people are evaluated more positively when they are perceived as part of the evaluator's ingroup. This phenomenon - ingroup bias - has been robustly documented in social psychological intergroup research. To test this effect to the domain of social robots, we conducted an experiment with 61 Caucasian (White) American participants who rated either a robot that resembled the participants' Caucasian ingroup or a social outgroup on mind perception (i.e., the attribution of agency and experience). First, we predicted that the ingroup robot would be evaluated more positively than the outgroup robot. Moreover, we assessed the Caucasian Americans' endorsement of anti-Black prejudice. Thus, second, we hypothesized interaction effects of robot type and level of prejudice on mind perception, meaning that effects of ingroup bias should be particularly pronounced under high (vs. low) levels of self-reported Anti- Black prejudice. Interestingly, we did not obtain main effects for robot type on mind perception. Contrary to our hypothesis, participants even seemed to attribute more agency and experience to the outgroup robot relative to the ingroup robot. As expected, no main effects for levels of prejudice^I ^Ron mind perception emerged. Importantly, however, we obtained the predicted interaction effects on the central dependent measures. Obviously, the interplay of design choices and user attitudes may bias anthropomorphic inferences about robot companions, posing a psychological barrier to human-robot companionship and pleasant human-robot interaction.
2013
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(2013): Alienation and empathy as mediators of the relation between Social Dominance Orientation, Right-Wing Authoritarianism and expressions of racism and sexism. In: Personality and Individual Differences 55 (3), S. 294-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.009 Abstract: Prior research has established a link between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), empathy, and generalized measures of prejudice. Whether empathy functions as a mediator for more specific forms of prejudice has not been studied. Furthermore, alienation and its role in predicting prejudice have been given little attention in the literature. Our results found that empathy functioned as a mediator for SDO, but only for sexism, not racism. Alienation was found to act as a mediator between SDO and both racism and sexism. The relation between Right-Wing Authoritarianism and racism and sexism was not mediated by alienation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 32
2009
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(2009): Will the Real Moral Judgment Please Stand Up?. In: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 12 (1), S. 77-96. DOI: 10.1007/s10677-008-9136-4
Abstract: The recent, influential Social Intuitionist Model of moral judgment (Haidt, Psychological Review 108, 814-834, 2001) proposes a primary role for fast, automatic and affectively charged moral intuitions in the formation of moral judgments. Haidt's research challenges our normative conception of ourselves as agents capable of grasping and responding to reasons. We argue that there can be no 'real' moral judgments in the absence of a capacity for reflective shaping and endorsement of moral judgments. However, we suggest that the empirical literature indicates a complex interplay between automatic and deliberative mental processes in moral judgment formation, with the latter constraining the expression and influence of moral intuitions. We therefore conclude that the psychological literature supports a normative conception of agency.
Keywords: ASPERGER-SYNDROME, ATTITUDES, Automatic processing, AUTOMATICITY, BEHAVIOR, Empathy, Ethik, IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST, INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES, Meta-ethics, Moral, Moral agency, Moral intuitions, Moral judgment, Moralphilosophie, Motivation, PREJUDICE, Psychologie, Reason-responding, Reason-tracking, STEREOTYPE ACTIVATION 2008
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(2008) : Sexismus In: Petersen, Lars-Eric: Stereotype, Vorurteile und soziale Diskriminierung: Theorien Befunde und Interventionen: 1. Aufl.: Weinheim [u.a.]: Beltz PVU, S. 121-130
Abstract: Thematisiert werden theoretische und empirische Grundlagen des Sexismus als vorurteilsbesetzte Einstellung und diskriminierende Verhaltensweise gegenüber Personen aufgrund ihrer Geschlechtszugehörigkeit. Eingegangen wird dabei auf (1) die Bedeutung der Geschlechtsvariable, (2) Geschlechterstereotype, (3) geschlechtsbezogene Einstellungen (traditioneller oder altmodischer Sexismus, moderner Sexismus, ambivalenter Sexismus, mehrdimensionale Konzeption von Sexismus). Im Weiteren werden Ergebnisse einer Studie von Glick, Diebold, Bailey-Werner und Zhu zu ambivalentem Sexismus und polarisierenden Einstellungen gegenüber Frauen berichtet. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung wurden 40 weibliche und 40 männliche Studenten gebeten, für sie persönlich relevante Subtypen von Frauen zu generieren. Insgesamt verweisen die Befunde darauf, dass im Vergleich zu nicht-sexistischen Männern sexistische Männer Frauen in Subtypen einordnen, die mit polarisierenden Bewertungen verbunden sind. Sofern sich Frauen einem "gemochten" (traditionellen) oder aber "abgelehnten" (nicht-traditionellem) Subtyp zuordnen lassen, führen ambivalente Einstellungen nicht zu konfligierenden Gefühlen und kognitiver Dissonanz, da ihnen in Abhängigkeit vom Subtyp entweder hostile oder benevolente Einstellungen entgegengebracht werden. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass allerdings deutliche Dissonanz entsteht, wenn Frauen etwa Merkmale oder Einstellungen beider Subtypen aufweisen, was eher als Regel denn als Ausnahme erachtet wird. zitiert von 128
2007
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(2007): The Rating of Sexist Humor Under Time Pressure as an Indicator of Spontaneous Sexist Attitudes. In: Sex Roles 57 (9-10), S. 651-660. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9302-5
Abstract: Spontaneous vs. more controlled indicators of sexist attitudes were assessed in a laboratory experiment with 131 male German undergraduates. Participants rated the funniness of sexist and nonsexist jokes either with or without time pressure, and completed self-report measures of sexism and related constructs. With time pressure, participants showed greater liking for sexist jokes than without. No such effect was found for nonsexist jokes. Both with and without time pressure, sexist joke ratings showed meaningful correlations with standard self-report measures, which attests to the joke measure's high reliability and construct validity. Directions for future research are discussed. zitiert von 32
Keywords: Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Human Males, humor, Jokes, PREJUDICE, Sex Role Attitudes, Sexism 2004
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(2004): Bad but bold. Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 86 (5), S. 713-728. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15161396 Abstract: A 16-nation study involving 8,360 participants revealed that hostile and benevolent attitudes toward men, assessed by the Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (P. Click & S.T. Fiske, 1999), were (a) reliably measured across cultures, (b) positively correlated (for men and women, within samples and across nations) with each other and with hostile and benevolent sexism toward women (Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, P. Click & S.T. Fiske, 1996), and (c) negatively correlated with gender equality in cross-national comparisons. Stereotype measures indicated that men were viewed as having less positively valenced but more powerful traits than women. The authors argue that hostile as well as benevolent attitudes toward men reflect and support gender inequality by characterizing men as being designed for dominance. zitiert von 387
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, Australasia, Beneficence, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cultural Characteristics, Data Collection, Europe, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Hostility, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Latin America, Male, Middle East, Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Predictive Value of Tests, PREJUDICE, Sex Factors, Sexism, Sozialpsychologie, Stereotyping, Students/psychology, Verhaltensforschung 2001
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(2001): An ambivalent alliance. Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. In: American Psychologist 56 (2), S. 109-118. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109
Abstract: The equation of prejudice with antipathy is challenged by recent research on sexism. Benevolent sexism (a subjectively favorable, chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who embrace conventional roles) coexists with hostile sexism (antipathy toward women who are viewed as usurping men's power). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, first validated in U.S. samples, has been administered to over 15,000 men and women in 19 nations. Hostile and benevolent sexism are complementary, cross-culturally prevalent ideologies, both of which predict gender inequality. Women, as compared with men, consistently reject hostile sexism but often endorse benevolent sexism (especially in the most sexist cultures). By rewarding women for conforming to a patriarchal status quo, benevolent sexism inhibits gender equality. More generally, affect toward minority groups is often ambivalent, but subjectively positive stereotypes are not necessarily benign. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) Zitiert von 1323
1997
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(1997): Feminists rethink the self. Emotion and heterodox moral perception: An essay in moral social psychology. pp. 197-218. Boulder, Colo. [u.a.]: Westview Press (Feminist theory and politics)
Abstract: argue that several emotional attitudes ordinarily considered to be epistemic vices can be feminist epistemic virtues, but that recognizing these virtues entails giving up a purely individualistic view of moral perception and moral identity / culturally entrenched gender prejudice is encoded in unconscious schemas that shape moral perception / counteracting these perceptual distortions requires strong medicine / [argues that] philosophers tend to overestimate the efficacy of an outgoing, receptive emotional attitude and dispassionate critical reason as antidotes to these distortions / [suggests] that a selection of generally disparaged emotional attitudes—namely, hypersensitivity, paranoia, anger, and bitterness—can be seen to facilitate moral insight into culturally and institutionally entrenched practices of domination and subordination to understand cases in which hypersensitivity, paranoia, anger, and bitterness contribute to insightful heterodox moral perception, we must inquire into the moral economies of dissident political communities / a tenable feminist account of the subject of moral perception must construe the individual as emotionally engaged and politically situated (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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