Alle Publikationen
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2018
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(2018): Brain responses to social norms. Meta-analyses of fMRI studies. In: Human brain mapping 39 (2), S. 955-970. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23895
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29160930 Abstract: Social norms have a critical role in everyday decision-making, as frequent interaction with others regulates our behavior. Neuroimaging studies show that social-based and fairness-related decision-making activates an inconsistent set of areas, which sometimes includes the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and others lateral prefrontal cortices. Social-based decision-making is complex and variability in findings may be driven by socio-cognitive activities related to social norms. To distinguish among social-cognitive activities related to social norms, we identified 36 eligible articles in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature, which we separate into two categories (a) social norm representation and (b) norm violations. The majority of original articles (>60%) used tasks associated with fairness norms and decision-making, such as ultimatum game, dictator game, or prisoner's dilemma; the rest used tasks associated to violation of moral norms, such as scenarios and sentences of moral depravity ratings. Using quantitative meta-analyses, we report common and distinct brain areas that show concordance as a function of category. Specifically, concordance in ventromedial prefrontal regions is distinct to social norm representation processing, whereas concordance in right insula, dorsolateral prefrontal, and dorsal cingulate cortices is distinct to norm violation processing. We propose a neurocognitive model of social norms for healthy adults, which could help guide future research in social norm compliance and mechanisms of its enforcement.
2017
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(2017): The means/side-effect distinction in moral cognition: A meta-analysis.. In: Cognition (Vol.166), S. 314-327, zuletzt geprüft am 02.05.2018
Abstract: Experimental research suggests that people draw a moral distinction between bad outcomes brought about as a means versus a side effect (or byproduct). Such findings have informed multiple psychological and philosophical debates about moral cognition, including its computational structure, its sensitivity to the famous Doctrine of Double Effect, its reliability, and its status as a universal and innate mental module akin to universal grammar. But some studies have failed to replicate the means/byproduct effect especially in the absence of other factors, such as personal contact. So we aimed to determine how robust the means/byproduct effect is by conducting a meta-analysis of both published and unpublished studies (k = 101; 24,058 participants). We found that while there is an overall small difference between moral judgments of means and byproducts (standardized mean difference = 0.87, 95% CI 0.67–1.06; standardized mean change = 0.57, 95% CI 0.44–0.69; log odds ratio = 1.59, 95% CI 1.15–2.02), the mean effect size is primarily moderated by whether the outcome is brought about by personal contact, which typically involves the use of personal force. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 3
Keywords: Grammar, Kognitionswissenschaften, Linguistics, Moral, Metaanalyse, Morality, Social Cognition -
(2017): Isms and schisms. A meta-analysis of the prejudice-discrimination relationship across racism, sexism, and ageism. In: Journal of Organizational Behavior 38 (7), S. 1076-1110. DOI: 10.1002/job.2187
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2187 Abstract: Racism, sexism, and ageism persist in modern day organizations and may translate into workplace discrimination, which can undermine organizational effectiveness. We provide the first meta-analysis comparing the relationships between these three types of prejudice (racism, sexism, and ageism) and three types of workplace discrimination (selection, performance evaluation, and opposition to diversity-supportive policies). Across outcomes, racism was associated with workplace discrimination, whereas sexism was not. Ageism was associated with discriminatory selection and opposition to organizational policies supporting older workers; however, ageism was not related to discriminatory performance evaluation. Consistent with prior research and theory, Implicit Association Test measures were related to subtle discrimination (opposition to diversity-supportive policies) but not deliberate discrimination (selection and performance evaluation). Finally, prejudice was more strongly as sociated with discrimination against real as compared with hypothetical targets. Implications for organizational researchers and practitioners are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): A social-cognitive approach to understanding gender differences in negotiator ethics. The role of moral identity. In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 138, S. 28-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.11.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.11.003 Abstract: To date, gender differences in ethics have received little theoretical attention. We utilize a social-cognitive framework to explain why these differences emerge and when women engage in less unethical negotiating behavior than do men. We propose that, relative to men’s, women’s stronger moral identities suppress unethical negotiating behavior. Study 1 establishes a gender difference in moral identity strength through a meta-analysis of over 19,000 people. Study 2 observes gender differences in two aspects of negotiator ethics—moral disengagement and opportunism. Study 3 establishes moral identity strength as an antecedent to negotiator ethics. Finally, Studies 4 and 5 explore financial incentives as a situational moderator. Because financial incentives temporarily decrease the salience of moral identity, they could mitigate gender differences in negotiator ethics, leading women to act more like men. Across both studies, financial incentives impacted women’s (but not men⍊ s) unethical negotiating behavior. Our findings help to explain why and when gender differences in ethics emerge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 7
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(2017): The Influence of Parental and Communication Style on Consumer Socialization. In: Journal of Advertising Research 57 (3), S. 319-334. DOI: 10.2501/JAR-2017-002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2017-002 Abstract: This meta-analysis merged family communication pattern (FCP) and parental socialization literature streams to offer renewed perspectives on how parents intervene in media-related consumer-socialization interactions with children. With only one exception, FCP-type effects were not different from theorized corresponding parental socialization-style effect sizes. This supports prior literature suggesting equivalency between specific FCP and parental socialization pairs. Furthermore, when certain FCP–parental socialization pairs were compared with other pairs on socialization interactions, such as control, coviewing, and discussing media strategy, differences were found that prior theorizing would have supported. Implications of these results are discussed, including what they suggest for managers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 2
2016
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(2016): The neural correlates of moral decision-making. A systematic review and meta-analysis of moral evaluations and response decision judgements. In: Brain and Cognition 108, S. 88-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.07.007
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27566002 Abstract: The aims of this systematic review were to determine: (a) which brain areas are consistently more active when making (i) moral response decisions, defined as choosing a response to a moral dilemma, or deciding whether to accept a proposed solution, or (ii) moral evaluations, defined as judging the appropriateness of another's actions in a moral dilemma, rating moral statements as right or wrong, or identifying important moral issues; and (b) shared and significantly different activation patterns for these two types of moral judgements. A systematic search of the literature returned 28 experiments. Activation likelihood estimate analysis identified the brain areas commonly more active for moral response decisions and for moral evaluations. Conjunction analysis revealed shared activation for both types of moral judgement in the left middle temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus. Contrast analyses found no significant clusters of increased activation for the moral evaluations-moral response decisions contrast, but found that moral response decisions additionally activated the left and right middle temporal gyrus and the right precuneus. Making one's own moral decisions involves different brain areas compared to judging the moral actions of others, implying that these judgements may involve different processes.
2015
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(2015): Gender differences in responses to moral dilemmas. A process dissociation analysis. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 41 (5), S. 696-713. DOI: 10.1177/0146167215575731
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25840987 Abstract: The principle of deontology states that the morality of an action depends on its consistency with moral norms; the principle of utilitarianism implies that the morality of an action depends on its consequences. Previous research suggests that deontological judgments are shaped by affective processes, whereas utilitarian judgments are guided by cognitive processes. The current research used process dissociation (PD) to independently assess deontological and utilitarian inclinations in women and men. A meta-analytic re-analysis of 40 studies with 6,100 participants indicated that men showed a stronger preference for utilitarian over deontological judgments than women when the two principles implied conflicting decisions (d = 0.52). PD further revealed that women exhibited stronger deontological inclinations than men (d = 0.57), while men exhibited only slightly stronger utilitarian inclinations than women (d = 0.10). The findings suggest that gender differences in moral dilemma judgments are due to differences in affective responses to harm rather than cognitive evaluations of outcomes. zitiert von: 48
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(2015): On having very long arms. How the availability of technological means affects moral cognition. In: Thinking & Reasoning 22 (2), S. 184-208. DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2015.1114023
Abstract: Modern technological means allow for meaningful interaction across arbitrary distances, while human morality evolved in environments in which individuals needed to be spatially close in order to interact. The authors investigate how people integrate knowledge about modern technology with their ancestral moral dispositions to help relieve nearby suffering. The first study establishes that spatial proximity between an agent's means of helping and the victims increases people's judgment of helping obligations, even if the agent is constantly far personally. Next, they report on and meta-analyze 20 experiments elucidating the cognitive mechanisms behind this effect, which include inferences of increased efficaciousness and personal involvement. Implications of the findings for the scientific understanding of ancestral moral dispositions in modern environments are discussed, as well as suggestions for how these insights might be exploited to increase charitable giving. It is concluded that the meta-analysis provides a practical example for how aggregating across all available data, including failed replication attempts, allows conclusions that could not be supported in single experiments.
2012
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(2012): Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition. ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy. In: Brain structure & function 217 (4), S. 783-796. DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270812 Abstract: Morally judicious behavior forms the fabric of human sociality. Here, we sought to investigate neural activity associated with different facets of moral thought. Previous research suggests that the cognitive and emotional sources of moral decisions might be closely related to theory of mind, an abstract-cognitive skill, and empathy, a rapid-emotional skill. That is, moral decisions are thought to crucially refer to other persons' representation of intentions and behavioral outcomes as well as (vicariously experienced) emotional states. We thus hypothesized that moral decisions might be implemented in brain areas engaged in 'theory of mind' and empathy. This assumption was tested by conducting a large-scale activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, which assessed 2,607 peak coordinates from 247 experiments in 1,790 participants. The brain areas that were consistently involved in moral decisions showed more convergence with the ALE analysis targeting theory of mind versus empathy. More specifically, the neurotopographical overlap between morality and empathy disfavors a role of affective sharing during moral decisions. Ultimately, our results provide evidence that the neural network underlying moral decisions is probably domain-global and might be dissociable into cognitive and affective sub-systems.
2010
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(2010): Religiosity as self-enhancement. A meta-analysis of the relation between socially desirable responding and religiosity. In: Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 14 (1), S. 17-36. DOI: 10.1177/1088868309351002
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940283 Abstract: In a meta-analysis, the authors test the theoretical formulation that religiosity is a means for self-enhancement. The authors operationalized self-enhancement as socially desirable responding (SDR) and focused on three facets of religiosity: intrinsic, extrinsic, and religion-as-quest. Importantly, they assessed two moderators of the relation between SDR and religiosity. Macro-level culture reflected countries that varied in degree of religiosity (from high to low: United States, Canada, United Kingdom). Micro-level culture reflected U.S. universities high (Christian) versus low (secular) on religiosity. The results were generally consistent with the theoretical formulation. Both macro-level and micro-level culture moderated the relation between SDR and religiosity: This relation was more positive in samples that placed higher value on religiosity (United States > Canada > United Kingdom; Christian universities > secular universities). The evidence suggests that religiosity is partly in the service of self-enhancement.
Keywords: Adolescent, Adult, Canada, Christianity, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Metaanalyse, Motivation, Religion, Religion and Psychology, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Values, Soziale Erwünschtheit, Sozialpsychologie, United Kingdom, United States, Young Adult
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