Alle Publikationen
- <<
- <
- 1
2018
-
(2018): Action Anticipation: Reading the Intentions of Humans and Robots. In: IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 3 (4), S. 4132-4139. DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2018.2861569
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2018.2861569 Abstract: Humans have the fascinating capacity of processing nonverbal visual cues to understand and anticipate the actions of other humans. This “intention reading” ability is underpinned by shared motor repertoires and action models, which we use to interpret the intentions of others as if they were our own. We investigate how different cues contribute to the legibility of human actions during interpersonal interactions. Our first contribution is a publicly available dataset with recordings of human body motion and eye gaze, acquired in an experimental scenario with an actor interacting with three subjects. From these data, we conducted a human study to analyze the importance of different nonverbal cues for action perception. As our second contribution, we used motion/gaze recordings to build a computational model describing the interaction between two persons. As a third contribution, we embedded this model in the controller of an iCub humanoid robot and conducted a second human study, in the same scenario with the robot as an actor, to validate the model's “intention reading” capability. Our results show that it is possible to model (nonverbal) signals exchanged by humans during interaction, and how to incorporate such a mechanism in robotic systems with the twin goal of being able to “read” human action intentionsand acting in a way that is legible by humans
Keywords: Blick / Gaze, Body Movement, EYE GAZE, Gaze, Gesichtserkennung, HRI, human-robot interaction, iCub, Intentionserkennung (Roboter erkennt Menschenintention), Körperbewegung, Körperhaltung, Körpersprache, Nichtverbale Kommunikation, nonverbal, Nonverbal behavior, non-verbal cues, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Soziosensitive Systeme 2017
-
(2017): The phenomenology of self-presentation. Describing the structures of intercorporeality with Erving Goffman. In: Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 16 (2), S. 237-254. DOI: 10.1007/s11097-015-9447-6
Abstract: Self-presentation is a term that indicates conscious and unconscious strategies for controlling or managing how one is perceived by others in terms of both appearance and comportment. In this article, I will discuss the phenomenology of self-presentation with respect to the phenomenological insights of Edmund Husserl and Merleau-Ponty regarding the visibility of the body within intercorporeal relations through 'behaviour' and 'expression.' In doing so, I will turn to the work of the Canadian sociologist and social theorist Erving Goffman. Goffman's account of self-presentation suggests why embodied subjects adopt certain styles of ordered bodily behaviour as determined by the broader social order, giving existential and social significance to the ontological structures of intercorporeal bodily communication. Following Goffman, I will suggest that the embodied subject is continuously-and constitutionally-engaged in implicit and explicit strategies to manage how the body is presented to others. In articulating self-presentation as a feature of intercorporeality, my aim in this article is to use Goffman's insights to extend Husserl's and Merleau-Ponty's accounts of bodily communication by demonstrating that bodily communication that is instantiated at the level of intercorporeality is always expressed through social life with its various historical, cultural and linguistic dimensions.
-
(2017): Efficacy of an individualized social competence training for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorders/Conduct Disorders. In: Psychotherapy research : journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research 27 (3), S. 326-337. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2015.1094587
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522864 Abstract: OBJECTIVES Group-based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of children with aggressive behavior has resulted in significant reductions of behavior problems with small to medium effect sizes. We report the efficacy of an individualized Treatment Program for Children with Aggressive Behavior. METHOD A within-subject design with two phases (waiting, treatment) was chosen. Sixty boys aged 6-12 years with peer-related aggressive behavior were included. The course of the outcome measures (growth rates) during a 6-week waiting phase was compared with those in the subsequent treatment phase (24 weekly child sessions together with an average of 8 parent contacts) by multilevel modeling. Primary outcome was peer-related aggressive behavior rated by parents. Further outcome measures included parent ratings and patient self-reports of aggressive and prosocial behavior. RESULTS During the treatment, growth rates for all parent-rated outcome measures were significant (p < .001) and comparison with the waiting phase indicated a stronger decrease in aggressive behavior and a stronger increase in prosocial behavior. For all self-rated outcome measures, growth rates during the treatment were significant (p < .01), but comparison with the waiting phase indicated a stronger decrease only for disturbance of social interaction. CONCLUSIONS The treatment program is an effective intervention for children with peer-related aggressive behavior.
Keywords: Aggression, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behaviour, Child, Cognitive Therapy, Conduct Disorder, Disziplin, Group, Humans, Kinder, Male, Mensch mit Behinderung, Methods, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Peer Group, physiology, Postkasten, Psychologie, Psychotherapy, social competence training, social competences, Social Skills, Soziale Angemessenheit, Sozialkompetenz, SvA, Therapy, Wartezeit vor einem Akt körperlicher Aggression -
(2017): The Embodiment of Power and Visual Dominance Behaviour. In: Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 15 (4), S. 228-241. DOI: 10.7906/indecs.15.4.1
Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify whether the changes in assuming power poses during a conversation between a pair of individuals, who were previously familiar with each other, influence the hierarchy of power, changes in it, as well as maintenance and adoption of different roles in the hierarchy. We assumed changes in roles of power on the basis of changes in visual dominance behaviour, which proved to be a reliable indicator of the social power of the individual in previous researches. Each pair conversed on predefined topics three times for three minutes. By placing individuals in a neutral or expansive posture, the purpose of which was covered by the use of a cover story, we created a difference in nonverbal expression of power between the two individuals. In the first conversation, both individuals adopted a neutral pose. In the second conversation, one individual adopted an expansive posture, while the other remained in a neutral one, and vice versa in the third conversation. Interactions were filmed with two cameras, which enabled us to analyse nonverbal behaviour. The results show that the differences in displays of power with expansive body postures between individuals are not associated with changes in visual dominance behaviour of individuals. From this we conclude that in the relations in which the social hierarchy of power is already established, the use of power poses does not help increase the power of the individual who adopts the posture.
-
(2017): Ein pleonastisches Oxymoron. Konstruktionsprobleme von Pierre Bourdieus Schlüsselkonzept der symbolischen Gewalt. In: Berliner Journal für Soziologie 27 (1), S. 7-33. DOI: 10.1007/s11609-017-0335-5
Abstract: According to Pierre Bourdieu, it is due to symbolic violence that social domination can be sustained without resorting to physical force. Because the dominated perceive their situation by means of categories which themselves are structured by power relations, they accept their own domination as legitimate, necessary, or functional. While the concept of symbolic violence takes center stage in Bourdieu's sociology, upon close analysis it turns out to be highly problematic. The paper shows that symbolic violence runs counter to the intentional and experiential structure of acts which are usually perceived as violent. As a result, the relation between symbolic and physical aspects of violence remains ambiguous in Bourdieu's writings. This, again, contributes to an inconsistent view on the history of violence and compromises the very normative grasp the extended notion of violence was actually intended to facilitate. Contrary to the prevailing interpretation, the article argues that the conceptual inconsistencies do not constitute a rhetorical artifice, but result from an unintended deviation from Bourdieu's fundamental terminological strategy to interlink the emic perspective of the actors and the etic perspective of sociology by means of seemingly contradictory phrases. Furthermore, Bourdieu's account of symbolic violence is not convincing with reference to the conceptualization of socialization and the (re)production of symbolic domination in concrete interaction. In a constructive vein the paper finally calls for the continuing analysis of the subtle and manifold modes of symbolic dominance by the use of more appropriate concepts.
2016
-
(2016): Perceptions of power and interactional dominance in interpersonal relationships. In: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 22 (2), S. 207-233. DOI: 10.1177/0265407505050944
Abstract: This investigation uses dyadic power theory (Dunbar, 2000, 2004; Rollins & Bahr, 1976) to examine the relationship between dominance and power and the behavioral manifestations of power in close relationships. Ninety-seven couples (58 married, 39 cohabiting) completed a problem-solving task together while being videotaped. The videotapes were coded for a variety of verbal and nonverbal dominant control attempts including dysfluencies, interruptions, frequency of adaptor and illustrator gestures, vocal characteristics, and general perceptions of dominance. The results revealed that individuals' perceptions of power led to more dominant communication behavior during discussions with their partner. Comparisons between the perceptions of participants and observers and the implications for future research are also discussed.
-
(2016): Dear computer, teach me manners: Testing virtual employment interview training. In: International Journal of Selection and Assessment 24 (4), S. 312-323
Abstract: Introduced and evaluated virtual employment interview (VI) training with a focus on nonverbal behavior. In the present study, participants in the VI training group took part in a simulated interview with a virtual character. Simultaneously, the computer analyzed participants' nonverbal behavior and provided real-time feedback. A control group received parallel interview training. Following training, participants took part in mock interviews, where interviewers rated participants' nonverbal behavior, and interview performance. A total of 70 college students (mean age 24 years) participated. Measures included the Measurement of Anxiety in Selection Interviews (MASI). Results revealed (1) that participants of VI training showed better interview performance, (2) that this effect was mediated by nonverbal behavior, and (3) that VI training had a positive influence on interview anxiety. These results have important practical implications for applicants, career counseling centers, and organizations.
Keywords: Angst, Anxiety, Arbeits - und Organisationspsychologie, Berufliche Interessen, berufliche Laufbahn und Berufsberatung, Bewerbungsgespräche, Einzelstudie / spezifisch, Feedback, interpersonal communication, Interpersonale Kommunikation, interview anxiety, Job Applicant Interviews, Manieren, MASI, job interviews: virtual employment interview training, Nonverbal behavior, Kommunikation, Nonverbal communication, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Occupational Interests & Guidance, performance, Specialized Interventions, Spezielle Interventionen, Test Coaching, Testtraining, Training, Verhaltensforschung, Virtual Classrooms, Virtuelle Klassenzimmer, Wirtschaftspsychologie -
(2016): Sozial-Emotionale Kompetenz. In: KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 25 (2), S. 114-121. DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000194
Abstract: Recent research has pointed to the importance of the interaction of emotions, perception of emotional expressions in social contexts, and emotion regulation for nonaggressive behavior in children. Evaluations underline the positive impact of prevention programs rather than interventional therapy for children. Long-term curricular training aiming at nonviolent behavior was shown to be successful; however, comprehensive programs cannot always be administered in every-day school contexts. Thus, a short-term prevention program for elementary school fourth-graders was developed for training in the classroom. The program Peaceful Cooperation in Conflict Situations aims at improving the sensitivity and understanding of emotions in self and others, perspective taking in conflict situations, and knowledge of how to communicate nonviolently. In a longitudinal control group study including block randomization, 184 elementary school children in fourth grade participated in the study; 177 complete data records entered the final analysis. The pretest instruments were (a) a paper-and-pencil test measuring the children's social-emotional competencies (i.e., identifying emotional expressions in pictures; describing emotions of aggressors and victims in conflict situations involving children; writing down options of positive behavior to solve the situation peacefully) and (b) teachers' ratings of their pupils' altruistic behavior and emotional and social problems. Two weeks later, the training was administered during three 90-min lessons within a period of 4 weeks. The controls received no special treatment. At posttest 16 weeks after the training, the same tests were administered. Data analyses (MANOVA, ANOVA) revealed that the intervention group improved considerably and with great effects in their social-emotional proficiency as a result of the training. At posttest, they had far advanced in all tested abilities in comparison with their pretest results. They acquired a significantly better understanding of emotions and perspective taking in conflict situations than the controls did. The trained children were rated more favorably by their teachers with respect to their prosocial behavior than at pretest 5 months earlier. The study supports findings from two previous studies with third graders. It shows that a short-term program aiming at enhancing social-emotional knowledge in children can lead to positive results with effects lasting at least several months later. The program can help to prevent the escalation of conflicts and to further peaceful communication. For implementation in schools on a larger scale, measures will have to be taken to ensure the transfer of the reported results.
2015
-
(2015): Focusing on deadlines. How orientation to time is a constitutive normative constraint at meetings in media organizations. In: Time & Society 24 (2), S. 183-200. DOI: 10.1177/0961463X15577261
Abstract: This article deals with the orientation to time and deadlines at morning meetings in news organisations. Time is a central structuring factor at the meetings, and the prevailing norm of ensuring progression and keeping the deadline of the meeting constitutes important normative constraints on the meeting. The study shows how deadlines are pursued through verbal and non-verbal interaction, and how progression is achieved in a subtle way in order to handle issues of impoliteness or losing face.
-
(2015) : Building autonomous sensitive artificial listeners (Extended abstract): 2015 International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII 2015): Xi'an, China, 21 - 24 September 2015: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 456-462
Abstract: This paper describes a substantial effort to build a real-time interactive multimodal dialogue system with a focus on emotional and non-verbal interaction capabilities. The work is motivated by the aim to provide technology with competences in perceiving and producing the emotional and non-verbal behaviours required to sustain a conversational dialogue. We present the Sensitive Artificial Listener (SAL) scenario as a setting which seems particularly suited for the study of emotional and non-verbal behaviour, since it requires only very limited verbal understanding on the part of the machine. This scenario allows us to concentrate on non-verbal capabilities without having to address at the same time the challenges of spoken language understanding, task modeling etc. We first summarise three prototype versions of the SAL scenario, in which the behaviour of the Sensitive Artificial Listener characters was determined by a human operator. These prototypes served the purpose of verifying the effectiveness of the SAL scenario and allowed us to collect data required for building system components for analysing and synthesising the respective behaviours. We then describe the fully autonomous integrated real-time system we created, which combines incremental analysis of user behaviour, dialogue management, and synthesis of speaker and listener behaviour of a SAL character displayed as a virtual agent. We discuss principles that should underlie the evaluation of SAL-type systems. Since the system is designed for modularity and reuse, and since it is publicly available, the SAL system has potential as a joint research tool in the affective computing research community.
Keywords: deutsche Community, Emotionserkennung, Emotionssensitive Systeme, Favoriten, Interaktion, Künstliche Intelligenz, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Nonverbal communication, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Realtechnik, Sensitive Artificial Listener, Sozial Intelligente Agenten, Soziale Robotik, Soziosensitive Systeme, Sprachverstehen, Technik, Virtual Agents SAL 2013
-
(2013) : Hey! There is someone at your door. A hearing robot using visual communication signals of hearing dogs to communicate intent: 2013 IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (ALIFE): 16-19 April 2013, Singapore ; [part of the] 2013 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI): 2013 IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (ALife): Singapore, Singapore: 4/16/2013 - 4/19/2013. Annual IEEE Computer Conference; IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life; Alife; IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence; Ssci: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 90-97
Abstract: This paper presents a study of the readability of dog-inspired visual communication signals in a human-robot interaction scenario. This study was motivated by specially trained hearing dogs which provide assistance to their deaf owners by using visual communication signals to lead them to the sound source. For our human-robot interaction scenario, a robot was used in place of a hearing dog to lead participants to two different sound sources. The robot was preprogrammed with dog-inspired behaviors, controlled by a wizard who directly implemented the dog behavioral strategy on the robot during the trial. By using dog-inspired visual communication signals as a means of communication, the robot was able to lead participants to the sound sources (the microwave door, the front door). Findings indicate that untrained participants could correctly interpret the robot's intentions. Head movements and gaze directions were important for communicating the robot's intention using visual communication signals.
2011
-
(2011): Service without a smile. Comparing the consequences of neutral and positive display rules. In: The Journal of applied psychology 96 (2), S. 350-362. DOI: 10.1037/a0021880
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21171731 Abstract: We used an experimental design to examine the intrapersonal and interpersonal processes through which neutral display rules, compared to positive display rules, influence objective task performance of poll workers and ratings provided by survey respondents of the poll workers. Student participants (N = 140) were trained to adhere to 1 of the 2 display rule conditions while delivering opinion surveys to potential patrons of an organization during a 40-min period. Results showed that, compared to positive display rules, neutral display rules resulted in less task persistence and greater avoidance behavior. These effects were mediated through a greater use of expression suppression. In addition, neutral display rules resulted in less positive respondent mood, which accounted for lower ratings of service quality and of overall favorability attitudes toward the sponsoring organization. The importance and ubiquity of neutral display rules are discussed, given the potential for positive and negative consequences at work.
Keywords: Adult, Affect/physiology, Attitude, Business Studies, dominance, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Lächeln, Male, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Psychologie, Smiling/physiology/psychology, Sozialpsychologie, Students/psychology, Task Performance and Analysis, Work/psychology, Young Adult 2010
-
(2010): Visual Dominance and Visual Egalitarianism. Individual and Group-Level Influences of Sex and Status in Group Interactions. In: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 34 (3), S. 137-153. DOI: 10.1007/s10919-010-0088-8
Abstract: This study investigated visual dominance and visual egalitarianism of men and women (N = 94; 17 teams) in team meetings at diverse workplaces. Two novel gaze-related measures were developed: (a) a group visual dominance ratio (group-VDR) assessing each member's visual dominance vis-A -vis all other members, and (b) a gaze distribution index (GDI) assessing each member's visual egalitarianism to all group members. Multilevel analyses were conducted to account for influences of the team members' sex and status on the individual level and for influences of sex and status composition of the teams, and the team leaders' sex on the group level. Results suggested that high-status individuals displayed more visual dominance than low-status individuals. The significant interaction of individuals' sex and status indicated that the positive relationship of status and visual dominance applied particularly to women. The more women in a team, the more visual dominance was displayed. The team leader's sex significantly influenced visual egalitarianism: Gaze distribution was less egalitarian when the team leader was male.
-
(2010) : Video prototyping of dog-inspired non-verbal affective communication for an appearance constrained robot In: IEEE Ro-Man: IEEE RO-MAN, 2010: 19th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication ; 13-15 Sept. 2010, Viareggio, Italy: 2010 RO-MAN: The 19th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication: Viareggio, Italy: 9/13/2010 - 9/15/2010. IEEE Ro-Man; IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication; IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 632-637
2009
-
(2009): The Design of an Expressive Humanlike Socially Assistive Robot. In: Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics 1 (1). DOI: 10.1115/1.2959097
Abstract: It is anticipated that the use of assistive robots will be one of the most important service applications of robotic systems of the future. In this paper, the development of a unique noncontact socially assistive robot consisting of a humanlike demeanor is presented for utilization in hospital wards and nursing/veteran homes to study its role and impact on the well-being of patients, addressing patient's needs and its overall effect on the quality of patient care. The robot will be an embodied entity that will participate in hands-off noncontact social interaction with a patient during the convalescence, rehabilitation, or end-of-life care stage. The robot has been designed as a platform to incorporate the three design parameters of embodiment, emotion, and nonverbal communication to encourage natural human-robot interactions. Herein, we present the overall mechanical design of the socially assistive robot focusing mainly on the development of the actuation system of the face, head, and upper body. In particular, we propose the development of a unique muscle actuation mechanism for the robotic face to allow for the display of rich facial expressions during social assistive interaction scenarios. The novelty of the actuation system is in its use of the dependency of facial muscle activity to minimize the number of individual actuators required to control the robotic face.
Keywords: Design, Disziplin, Embodiment, emotion, Gesicht und assoziierte Zuschreibungen, Gesichtsausdruck, Gestik/Mimik, Ingenieurswissenschaft, Interaktionspartner, Mensch oder Maschine, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Nonverbal communication, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Realtechnik, Serviceroboter, Simulation von Emotionen im Gesichtsausdruck, Soziale Robotik, Technik, Übermitteln von Gefühlen/Emotionen -
(2009): Automatic nonverbal analysis of social interaction in small groups. A review. In: Image and Vision Computing 27 (12), S. 1775-1787. DOI: 10.1016/j.imavis.2009.01.004
Abstract: An increasing awareness of the scientific and technological value of the automatic understanding of face-to-face social interaction has motivated in the past few years a surge of interest in the devising of computational techniques for conversational analysis. As an alternative to existing linguistic approaches for the automatic analysis of conversations, a relatively recent domain is using findings in social cognition, social psychology, and communication that have established the key role that nonverbal communication plays in the formation, maintenance, and evolution of a number of fundamental social constructs, which emerge from face-to-face interactions in time scales that range from short glimpses all the way to long-term encounters. Small group conversations are a specific case on which much of this work has been conducted. This paper reviews the existing literature on automatic analysis of small group conversations using nonverbal communication, and aims at bridging the current fragmentation of the work in this domain, currently split among half a dozen technical communities. The review is organized around the main themes studied in the literature and discusses, in a comparative fashion, about 100 works addressing problems related to the computational modeling of interaction management, internal states, personality traits, and social relationships in small group conversations, along with pointers to the relevant literature in social science. Some of the many open challenges and opportunities in this domain are also discussed.
2006
-
(2006): Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language. In: Nature reviews. Neuroscience 7 (3), S. 242-249. DOI: 10.1038/nrn1872
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16495945 Abstract: People's faces show fear in many different circumstances. However, when people are terrified, as well as showing emotion, they run for cover. When we see a bodily expression of emotion, we immediately know what specific action is associated with a particular emotion, leaving little need for interpretation of the signal, as is the case for facial expressions. Research on emotional body language is rapidly emerging as a new field in cognitive and affective neuroscience. This article reviews how whole-body signals are automatically perceived and understood, and their role in emotional communication and decision-making.
Keywords: Amygdala, Angst, Animals, Biological, Brain Mapping, dominance, Emotions, entscheiden, Facial Expression, Functional Laterality, Gestik, Humans, Kinesics, Körperhaltung, Mimik, MODELS, Neurobiologie, Neurobiology, Neurowissenschaften, Nonverbale Kommunikation, physiology, Social Perception 1982
-
(1982): The New Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research
1969
-
(1969): The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior. Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding. In: Semiotica 1 (1), S. 49-98. DOI: 10.1515/semi.1969.1.1.49Keywords: Nonverbale Kommunikation
1957
-
(1957): A Methodological Discussion of Nonverbal Behavior. In: The Journal of Psychology 43 (1), S. 141-149. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1957.9713059
- <<
- <
- 1