Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018) : Gender stereotyping, prejudice, and shifting standards In: Travis, Cheryl B.; White, Jacquelyn W.; Rutherford, Alexandra; Williams, Wendi S.; Cook, Sarah L.; Wyche, Karen Fraser (Hg.): APA handbook of the psychology of women: History, theory, and battlegrounds (Vol. 1): Washington: American Psychological Association, S. 343-361
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0000059-017 Abstract: Gender is a salient social category, and no one reading this book will be surprised to learn that gender matters in everyday social perception and interaction. People readily notice others’ (apparent) gender, and they hold gender-based expectations regarding traits, roles, behaviors, and skills. These cognitive proclivities contribute to the tendency for gender to color people’s perceptions and judgments of individual girls and boys, women and men. In academic and work settings, for example, gendered beliefs may lead perceivers to view women as less suitable than men for managerial positions (Koenig, Eagly, Mitchell, & Ristikari, 2011), to notice poor performance in women more quickly than in men (Biernat, Fuegen, & Kobrynowicz, 2010), and to give women less credit than men for successful team performance (Heilman & Haynes, 2005). These examples may not rise to the level of blatant sex discrimination captured in the TV series Mad Men or in Supreme Court cases such as Price Wa terhouse v. Hopkins (1989; failure to promote a qualified woman) or Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986; sexual harassment), but even subtle biases can accrue over time, affecting women’s advancement and pay (see Martell, Lane, & Emrich, 1996). As I write this chapter, five women from the World Cup–winning U.S. women’s national soccer team have filed a wage discrimination suit against the U.S. Soccer Federation, claiming they are paid 4 times less than their male counterparts (Das, 2016). One does not need to look far to see evidence that gender continues to affect workplace outcomes. In this chapter, I will consider the research literature on how gendered beliefs affect the way individuals are perceived, evaluated, and treated, particularly in work and academic settings. I will also point to the complexity of these judgmental patterns, noting that counterstereotypical effects may occur under some conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved )
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(2018): Social cognition. How individuals construct social reality. Second edition. London; New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
Abstract: Introduction: what is social cognition research about? -- General framework of social cognitive processing -- Perceiving and encoding -- Storing and retrieving information -- Using information : controlled and automatic processing of information -- Using information : judgmental shortcuts -- The interplay of cognition and feelings : mood states -- The interplay of cognition and feelings : fluency -- Communicating information -- How the environment constrains social cognitive processing -- Glossary -- References
Keywords: Kognition, Social Perception -
(2018): How We Understand Others. Philosophy and Social Cognition. Milton: Routledge (Routledge Focus on Philosophy Ser). Online verfügbar unter https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gbv/detail.action?docID=5394145
Abstract: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 In defense of mindreading -- 2.1 Introduction to mindreading -- 2.2 The embodied and enactive cognition challenge -- 2.3 The pluralistic folk psychology challenge -- 2.4 Assessment -- 3 Expanding the scope of mindreading: social categorization, stereotypes, social bias, and situational context -- 3.1 The narrow focus of standard mindreading theories -- 3.2 Social categorization -- 3.3 Stereotypes -- 3.4 Social biases -- 3.5 Situational context -- 3.6 Assessment -- 4 The goals of mindreading -- 4.1 Why we mindread -- 4.2 The various goals of mindreading -- 4.3 Approaches to mindreading -- 4.4 Mindreading products -- 4.5 Assessment -- 5 Model theory -- 5.1 The function of theories -- 5.2 General theories of mindreading -- 5.3 Model theory -- 5.4 Assessment -- 6 Epistemic and ethical applications -- 6.1 The isolation of the mindreading literature -- 6.2 Judging others' knowledge and competence -- 6.3 Application to the epistemology of peer disagreement -- 6.4 Application to epistemic justice -- 6.5 Assessment -- 7 Concluding thoughts -- Index
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(2018): Supplemental Material for Unethical and Inept?. The Influence of Moral Information on Perceptions of Competence. In: Journal of personality and social psychology, S. 195-210. DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000097.supp
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000097.supp Abstract: While moral character heavily influences global evaluations of others (Goodwin, Piazza, & Rozin, 2014), its causal effect on perceptions of others’ competence (i.e., one’s knowledge, skills, and abilities) is less clear. We found that people readily use information about another’s morality when judging their competence, despite holding folk intuitions that these domains are independent. Across 6 studies (n = 1,567), including 2 preregistered experiments, participants judged targets who committed hypothetical transgressions (Studies 1 and 3), cheated on lab tasks (Study 2), acted selfishly in economic games (Study 4), and received low morality ratings from coworkers (Study 5 and 6) as less competent than control or moral targets. These findings were specific to morality and were not the result of incidentally manipulating impressions of warmth (Study 4), nor were they fully explained by a general halo effect (Studies 2 and 3). We hypothesized that immoral targets are seen as less competent because their immoral actions led them to be viewed as low in social intelligence. Studies 4 and 5 supported this prediction, demonstrating that social intelligence was a more reliable mediator than perceptions of self-control or general intelligence. An experimental test of this mediation argument found that presenting targets as highly socially intelligent eliminated the negative effect of immoral information on judgments of competence (Study 6). These results suggest that information about a person’s moral character readily influences perceptions of their competence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
2017
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(2017): Risky business. When humor increases and decreases status. In: Journal of personality and social psychology 112 (3), S. 431-455. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000079
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27831701 Abstract: Across 8 experiments, we demonstrate that humor can influence status, but attempting to use humor is risky. The successful use of humor can increase status in both new and existing relationships, but unsuccessful humor attempts (e.g., inappropriate jokes) can harm status. The relationship between the successful use of humor and status is mediated by perceptions of confidence and competence. The successful use of humor signals confidence and competence, which in turn increases the joke teller's status. Interestingly, telling both appropriate and inappropriate jokes, regardless of the outcome, signals confidence. Although signaling confidence typically increases status and power, telling inappropriate jokes signals low competence and the combined effect of high confidence and low competence harms status. Rather than conceptualizing humor as a frivolous or ancillary behavior, we argue that humor plays a fundamental role in shaping interpersonal perceptions and hierarchies within groups.
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(2017): Implicit moral evaluations. A multinomial modeling approach. In: Cognition 158, S. 224-241. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.013
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865113 Abstract: Implicit moral evaluations-i.e., immediate, unintentional assessments of the wrongness of actions or persons-play a central role in supporting moral behavior in everyday life. Yet little research has employed methods that rigorously measure individual differences in implicit moral evaluations. In five experiments, we develop a new sequential priming measure-the Moral Categorization Task-and a multinomial model that decomposes judgment on this task into multiple component processes. These include implicit moral evaluations of moral transgression primes (Unintentional Judgment), accurate moral judgments about target actions (Intentional Judgment), and a directional tendency to judge actions as morally wrong (Response Bias). Speeded response deadlines reduced Intentional Judgment but not Unintentional Judgment (Experiment 1). Unintentional Judgment was stronger toward moral transgression primes than non-moral negative primes (Experiments 2-4). Intentional Judgment was associated with increased error-related negativity, a neurophysiological indicator of behavioral control (Experiment 4). Finally, people who voted for an anti-gay marriage amendment had stronger Unintentional Judgment toward gay marriage primes (Experiment 5). Across Experiments 1-4, implicit moral evaluations converged with moral personality: Unintentional Judgment about wrong primes, but not negative primes, was negatively associated with psychopathic tendencies and positively associated with moral identity and guilt proneness. Theoretical and practical applications of formal modeling for moral psychology are discussed.
Keywords: Adult, Cerebral Cortex/physiology, Cognition/physiology, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Guilt, Humans, Individuality, Intention, Judgment/physiology, Kognitionswissenschaften, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Moral, Morals, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality, Personality Assessment, science direct, Shame, Social Perception -
(2017): Enhancing managerial effectiveness via four core facets of emotional intelligence. Self-awareness, social perception, emotion understanding, and emotion regulation. In: Organizational Dynamics 46 (3), S. 140-147. DOI: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.05.007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.05.007 Abstract: Emotional intelligence–—a concept proposed by academic researchers about 25 years ago–—is a set of capabilities that managers can leverage to be more effective. Equipped with emotional capabilities, managers can leverage opportunities and address challenges that they encounter on a daily basis. Managers can develop better relationships with their employees, influence them more effectively, and have better performing employees and teams to the extent that they leverage emotional intelligence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Arbeits - und Organisationspsychologie, Awareness, emotion regulation, emotion understanding, Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Regulation, Emotions, Emotionsforschung, Management Personnel, managerial effectiveness, Personalmanagement, self-awareness, Social intelligence, Social Perception, Soziale Intelligenz, Supervisor Employee Interaction -
(2017): Social cognition. From brains to culture. Third edition. Los Angeles; London; New Delhi; Singapore; Washington, DC; Melbourne: Sage
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(2017): The effect of reactive emotions expressed in response to another's anger on inferences of social power. In: Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 17 (4), S. 717-727. DOI: 10.1037/emo0000262
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000262 Abstract: Social perception of emotions is influenced by the context in which it occurs. One such context is a social interaction involving an exchange of emotions. The way parties to the interaction are perceived is shaped by the combination of emotions exchanged. This idea was examined by assessing the extent to which expressions of anger toward a target-which, in isolation, are perceived as signals of high social power-are influenced by the target's emotional reaction to it (i.e., reactive emotions). Three studies show that the angry person was perceived as having a higher level of social power when this anger was responded by fear or sadness than when it was responded by neutrality or anger. Study 1 indicated that reactive emotions have a stronger effect on perceived social power when emotions were incongruent with gender stereotypes. Study 2 indicated that these effects are a result of these emotions serving as reactive emotions rather than a benchmark against which the angry person's power is assessed. Study 3 showed that reactive emotions affect perceived social power by serving as signals of the level to which the high social power suggested by the first person's expression is confirmed by its target. Comparing effects of reactive emotions to anger with reactive emotions to sadness, showed that perceived social power of the expresser is determined by the nature of the expression, with some adjustment caused by the reactive emotions. This underscores the importance of social interaction as a context for the social perception of emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record
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(2017): Perceived differences in social status between speaker and listener affect the speaker's vocal characteristics. In: PLoS one 12 (6). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179407
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614413 Abstract: Non-verbal behaviours, including voice characteristics during speech, are an important way to communicate social status. Research suggests that individuals can obtain high social status through dominance (using force and intimidation) or through prestige (by being knowledgeable and skilful). However, little is known regarding differences in the vocal behaviour of men and women in response to dominant and prestigious individuals. Here, we tested within-subject differences in vocal parameters of interviewees during simulated job interviews with dominant, prestigious, and neutral employers (targets), while responding to questions which were classified as introductory, personal, and interpersonal. We found that vocal modulations were apparent between responses to the neutral and high-status targets, with participants, especially those who perceived themselves as low in dominance, increasing fundamental frequency (F0) in response to the dominant and prestigious targets relative to the neutral target. Self-perceived prestige, however, was less related to contextual vocal modulations than self-perceived dominance. Finally, we found that differences in the context of the interview questions participants were asked to respond to (introductory, personal, interpersonal), also affected their vocal parameters, being more prominent in responses to personal and interpersonal questions. Overall, our results suggest that people adjust their vocal parameters according to the perceived social status of the listener as well as their own self-perceived social status.
Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Auditory Perception/physiology, Diagnostic Self Evaluation, Female, fundamental frequency, Humans, Interviews as Topic/methods, Macht, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class, Social Perception, Socioeconomic Factors, Soziale Dominanz, Speech Acoustics, Speech/physiology, Status / biologische Marker, Stimme, Stimme / Prosodie, Voice/physiology, Young Adult -
(2017): Variations in judgments of intentional action and moral evaluation across eight cultures. In: Cognition 164, S. 22-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.02.012
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28364713 Abstract: Individuals tend to judge bad side effects as more intentional than good side effects (the Knobe or sideeffect effect). Here, we assessed how widespread these findings are by testing eleven adult cohorts of eight highly contrasted cultures on their attributions of intentional action as well as ratings of blame and praise. We found limited generalizability of the original side-effect effect, and even a reversal of the effect in two rural, traditional cultures (Samoa and Vanuatu) where participants were more likely to judge the good side effect as intentional. Three follow-up experiments indicate that this reversal of the side-effect effect is not due to semantics and may be linked to the perception of the status of the protagonist. These results highlight the importance of factoring cultural context in our understanding of moral cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 2
Keywords: 80 and over, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Costa Rica, Cross-Cultural Comparison, cross-cultural psychology, Culture, Honduras, Humans, Intention, Intentional action, Judgment, Kognitionswissenschaften, Kulturelle Unterschiede, Kulturforschung, Mexico, Middle Aged, Moral, Moral cognition, Moral evaluation, Morals, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Side-effect effect, Social Perception, United States, Vanuatu, Young Adult -
(2017): Inferences about moral character moderate the impact of consequences on blame and praise. In: Cognition 167, S. 201-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.004
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28527671 Abstract: Moral psychology research has highlighted several factors critical for evaluating the morality of another's choice, including the detection of norm-violating outcomes, the extent to which an agent caused an outcome, and the extent to which the agent intended good or bad consequences, as inferred from observing their decisions. However, person-centered accounts of moral judgment suggest that a motivation to infer the moral character of others can itself impact on an evaluation of their choices. Building on this person-centered account, we examine whether inferences about agents' moral character shape the sensitivity of moral judgments to the consequences of agents' choices, and agents' role in the causation of those consequences. Participants observed and judged sequences of decisions made by agents who were either bad or good, where each decision entailed a trade-off between personal profit and pain for an anonymous victim. Across trials we manipulated the magnitude of profit and pain resulting from the agent's decision (consequences), and whether the outcome was caused via action or inaction (causation). Consistent with previous findings, we found that moral judgments were sensitive to consequences and causation. Furthermore, we show that the inferred character of an agent moderated the extent to which people were sensitive to consequences in their moral judgments. Specifically, participants were more sensitive to the magnitude of consequences in judgments of bad agents' choices relative to good agents' choices. We discuss and interpret these findings within a theoretical framework that views moral judgment as a dynamic process at the intersection of attention and social cognition.
Keywords: Choice Behavior, Female, Humans, Judgment, Kognitionswissenschaften, Male, Moral, Morals, science direct, Social Behavior, Social Perception -
(2017): Power Moves Beyond Complementarity. A Staring Look Elicits Avoidance in Low Power Perceivers and Approach in High Power Perceivers. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 43 (8), S. 1188-1201. DOI: 10.1177/0146167217708576
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28903712 Abstract: Sustained, direct eye-gaze—staring—is a powerful cue that elicits strong responses in many primate and nonprimate species. The present research examined whether fleeting experiences of high and low power alter individuals’ spontaneous responses to the staring gaze of an onlooker. We report two experimental studies showing that sustained, direct gaze elicits spontaneous avoidance tendencies in low power perceivers and spontaneous approach tendencies in high power perceivers. These effects emerged during interactions with different targets and when power was manipulated between-individuals (Study 1) and within-individuals (Study 2), thus attesting to a high degree of flexibility in perceivers’ reactions to gaze cues. Together, the present findings indicate that power can break the cycle of complementarity in individuals’ spontaneous responding: Low power perceivers complement and move away from, and high power perceivers reciprocate and move toward, staring onlook ers. (Ps ycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
2016
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(2016): Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination. How Sexism Impacts Development. In: Advances in child development and behavior 50, S. 105-133. DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2015.11.001
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26956071 Abstract: In this chapter, we summarize and integrate some of the latest developmental science research on gender stereotypes and discrimination in childhood and adolescence. We focus on five forms of sexism: (a) stereotypes and discrimination against boys regarding their school behaviors and disciplinary actions; (b) stereotypes and discrimination against girls in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) domains; (c) stereotypes and discrimination in sports; (d) peer gendered harassment, including sexual harassment and teasing because of gender atypicality or nonconformity; and (e) sexualized gender stereotypes that sexually objectify girls and assume boys are sexually voracious. First, we document each type of sexism and examine children's awareness and perceptions of that bias, including their own self-reports and attributions. We examine the implications of this sexism for children and adolescents' developmental health (i.e., social, academic, and psychological well-being). We then draw connections between these various areas of research, focusing on how these different forms of sexism interact to reduce equity and justice among children and negatively impact positive developmental outcomes. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
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(2016): Why (and how) should we study the interplay between emotional arousal, Theory of Mind, and inhibitory control to understand moral cognition?. In: Psychonomic bulletin & review 23 (6), S. 1660-1680. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1042-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1042-5 Abstract: Findings in the field of experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience have shed new light on our understanding of the psychological and biological bases of morality. Although a lot of attention has been devoted to understanding the processes that underlie complex moral dilemmas, attempts to represent the way in which individuals generate moral judgments when processing basic harmful actions are rare. Here, we will outline a model of morality which proposes that the evaluation of basic harmful actions relies on complex interactions between emotional arousal, Theory of Mind (ToM) capacities, and inhibitory control resources. This model makes clear predictions regarding the cognitive processes underlying the development of and ability to generate moral judgments. We draw on data from developmental and cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and psychopathology research to evaluate the model and propose several conceptual and methodological improvements that are needed to further advance our understanding of moral cognition and its development. zitiert von 12
Keywords: Causality, Emotional Control, Emotions, Empathy, Executive Function, Humans, Inhibition (Psychology), Intention Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): Arousal, Kognitionswissenschaften, Moral, Morality, Morals, Neurowissenschaften, Response Inhibition, Social Perception, theory of mind, Thinking -
(2016): Which Basic Rules Underlie Social Judgments? Agency Follows a Zero-Sum Principle and Communion Follows a Non-Zero-Sum Principle. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 42 (5), S. 677-687. DOI: 10.1177/0146167216640902
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029579 Abstract: How are people who generally see others positively evaluated themselves? We propose that the answer to this question crucially hinges on the content domain: We hypothesize that Agency follows a "zero-sum principle" and therefore people who see others ashighin Agency are perceived aslowin Agency themselves. In contrast, we hypothesize that Communion follows a "non-zero-sum principle" and therefore people who see others ashighin Communion are perceived ashighin Communion themselves. We tested these hypotheses in a round-robin and a half-block study. Perceiving others as agentic was indeed linked to being perceived as low in Agency. To the contrary, perceiving others as communal was linked to being perceived as high in Communion, but only when people directly interacted with each other. These results help to clarify the nature of Agency and Communion and offer explanations for divergent findings in the literature. zitiert von 6
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(2016): Ich, Du, wir und alle anderen. Soziale Entwicklung als moralische Entwicklung. In: P & E 42 (2), S. 10-16
Abstract: Ein kurzer Einblick in zentrale Aspekte der moralischen Entwicklung im Kindesalter und Jugendalter wird gegeben. Nach einer Definition von Moral und Moralitat in einem entwicklungspsychologischen Kontext werden vier Facetten der Entwicklung des Selbst in sozialen Beziehungen skizziert: moralisches Urteil, soziale Perspektivenubernahme, moralische Konzepte und moralische Emotionen. Anhand der kognitiven und emotionalen Moralentwicklung werden verschiedene Herausforderungen beim Erschliessen von Sinn aus sozialen und spezifisch aus moralischen Situationen verdeutlicht.
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(2016): The Everyday Moral Judge - Autobiographical Recollections of Moral Emotions. In: PLoS one 11 (12). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167224
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167224 Abstract: Moral emotions are typically elicited in everyday social interactions and regulate social behavior. Previous research in the field of attribution theory identified ought (the moral standard of a given situation or intended goal), goal-attainment (a goal can be attained vs. not attained) and effort (high vs. low effort expenditure) as cognitive antecedents of moral emotions. In contrast to earlier studies, mainly relying on thought experiments, we investigated autobiographical recollections of N = 312 participants by means of an online study. We analyzed a diverse range of moral emotions, i.e., admiration, anger, contempt, indignation, pride, respect, schadenfreude, and sympathy, by using a mixed-method approach. Qualitative and quantitative methods clearly corroborate the important role of ought, goal-attainment, and effort as eliciting conditions of moral emotions. Furthermore, we built categorical systems based on our participants' descriptions of real-life situations, allowing for more fine-grained distinctions between seemingly similar moral emotions. We thus identify additional prerequisites explaining more subtle differences between moral emotion clusters as they emerge from our analyses (i.e., cluster 1: admiration, pride, and respect; cluster 2: anger, contempt, and indignation; cluster 3: schadenfreude and sympathy). Results are discussed in the light of attributional theories of moral emotions, and implications for future research are derived.
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Nelson, Todd D. (2016): Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Second edition. New York, NY; London: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group
Abstract: "This handbook is an essential resource for students, instructors, and researchers in social and personality psychology, and an invaluable reference for academics and professionals in sociology, communication studies, gerontology, nursing, medicine, as well as government and policymakers and social service agencies. The Second Edition provides a full update of this comprehensive scholarly handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. This edition features new material on key issues such as political activism, economic polarization, minority stress, same-sex marriage laws, dehumanization, and mental health stigma, in addition to a timely update on how victims respond to discrimination and additional coverage of gender and race"--
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(2016): Sex Differences in Judgments of Social Desirability. In: Journal of personality 84 (4), S. 423-432. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12169
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25728192 Abstract: This study evaluates sex differences in the perceived desirability of personality behaviors and beliefs. Men and women (N = 149, Mage = 18.7) judged the social desirability scale values (SDSVs) of 150 personality statements as applied either to a male target or a female target. For comparison, some estimated SDSVs with no target sex specified. A separate sample of 537 respondents endorsed the 150 items via self-report. Raters showed a high consensus in their SDSV judgments within conditions (α = .86 to .90) and no sex-of-rater effects across conditions. Substantial sex-of-target effects (p < .001), however, revealed many behaviors that were viewed as desirable for one sex but not for the other. The behaviors seen as more (less) desirable when applied to men rather than to women were endorsed more (less) by men than by women in the respondent sample. Similar results were found when no target sex was specified for the SDSV ratings, presumably because judges evaluated the behaviors as applied to a target of their own sex. The present results have important implications for the measurement and reporting of SDSVs, the evaluation of substance versus style in self-reports, and the construction of desirability-reduced personality inventories.
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(2016): Bullying and defending behavior. The role of explicit and implicit moral cognition. In: JOURNAL OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 59, S. 67-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2016.09.005
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923442 Abstract: Research on bullying has highlighted the role of morality in explaining the different behavior of students during bullying episodes. However, the research has been limited to the analysis of explicit measures of moral characteristics and moral reasoning, whereas implicit measures have yet to be fully considered. To overcome this limitation, this study investigated the association between bullying and defending, on one hand, and both explicit (moral disengagement, self-importance of moral values) and implicit (immediate affect toward moral stimuli [IAMS]) moral components, on the other hand. Young adolescents (N=279, mean age=11years, 9months, 44.4% girls) completed a series of self-report scales and individually performed a computer task investigating the IAMS. Two hierarchical regressions (bootstrapping method) were performed. Results showed that moral disengagement was associated with bullying and defending behavior at high levels of IAMS, however not when IAMS was low. In contrast, self-importance of moral values was not significantly associated to the two behaviors when IAMS was high whereas both associations were significant at low levels of IAMS. These results significantly expand previous knowledge about the role of morality in bullying and defending behavior. In particular, they highlight the role of the interaction between explicit and implicit moral dimensions in predicting bullying and defending behaviors.
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(2016): Interkulturelle Psychologie. Verstehen und Handeln in internationalen Kontexten. Göttingen: Hogrefe
Abstract: Dieses Buch beleuchtet auf der Grundlage von psychologischen Theorien und Forschungsergebnissen die psychischen Prozesse, die beim Aufeinandertreffen von Menschen aus verschiedenen Kulturen beteiligt sind. Anhand von Fallbeispielen werden typische interkulturelle Begegnungssituationen geschildert und analysiert. Weitere Kapitel thematisieren, wie interkulturelle Handlungskompetenz entsteht, und zeigen Möglichkeiten auf, diese anhand von interkulturellen Trainings zu fördern. - Inhalt: (1) Einführung: Kultur und interkulturelle Interaktion. (2) Interkulturelles Handeln und psychologische Prozesse. (3) Entwicklung des Selbstbildes, des Fremdbildes und des vermuteten Fremdbildes. (4) Entwicklung des Fremdverstehens. (5) Entwicklung und Wirkungen interpersonaler Interaktionsprozesse in interkulturellen Kontexten [Sozialer Vergleich; Gerechtigkeit; soziale Interdependenz; Macht und soziale Dominanz; soziale Netzwerke; Konflikte; Minoritäten]. . (6) Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kontext interkulturellen Handelns. (7) Entwicklung interkultureller Handlungskompetenz. (8) Interkulturelle Trainings. (9) Interkulturelle Psychologie in der Praxis. zitiert von 4
Keywords: conflict, Context, Cross Cultural Communication, Cross Cultural Psychology, Cultural Sensitivity, dominance, Entreprises multinationales, Ethnopsychologie, Gestion interculturelle, Interpersonal Control, Interpersonal Interaction, Justice, Kulturforschung/ kulturelle Unterschiede, Self-Concept, Sensitivity Training, Social Comparison, social networks, Social Perception, Stress 2015
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(2015): Soziales Verständnis. Theoretische Grundlagen, Konstruktion und Validierung zweier Testaufgaben zum Kernkonstrukt der sozialen Intelligenz. punkt um FILM, Magdeburg.
Abstract: Zwei multimediabasierte Testaufgaben zur Messung von sozialem Verständnis im Rahmen des integrativen Modells der sozialen Intelligenz von S. Weis und H.-M. Süß werden entwickelt und ihre Konstrukt- und Kriteriumsvalidität wird überprüft. Zudem wurde die Abhängigkeit der Befunde von den angewandten Scoring-Methoden betrachtet. Insgesamt wurden drei Studien durchgeführt. Im Fokus der ersten Untersuchung (N = 155) standen die psychometrischen Eigenschaften der beiden neukonstruierten Szenarien "Katrin" und "Daniel", ihre faktoranalytische Passung in den Untertest zum sozialen Verständnis des "Magdeburger Test zur Sozialen Intelligenz" (MTSI) sowie die Einbettung in das Netzwerk anderer Konstrukte. Auf der Grundlage einer Itemanalyse der Daten der ersten Studie wurden schwache Items aus den beiden Szenarien entfernt. Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften der gekürzten Versionen wurden in der zweiten Studie (N = 103) ermittelt. Zudem wurde untersucht, ob Selbstberichtsverfahren geeignet sind, soziales Verständnis akkurat zu erfassen und ob die Variable Geschlecht die Genauigkeit der Selbsteinschätzung moderiert. Hierzu wurde ein Selbstberichtsfragebogen zum sozialen Verständnis (SSV) entwickelt, der eng an die Anforderungen der Testaufgaben zum sozialen Verständnis des MTSI angelehnt wurde. Das Selbstberichtsinventar SSV wurde zusammen mit weiteren Selbstberichtsfragebogen vor der Bearbeitung der Szenarien vorgegeben. Nach der Bearbeitung der Neukonstruktionen wurden die Probanden gebeten, den SSV erneut zu beantworten. Aufgrund der Selbsterfahrung im Leistungstest sollte die Einschätzung der eigenen sozialen Fähigkeiten realistischer werden, sodass systematische Zusammenhänge zwischen den Szenarien und dem Selbstberichtsfragebogen zum sozialen Verständnis erwartet wurden. Ziel der dritten Untersuchung (N = 43) war eine erste Kriteriumsvalidierung der neuen Testaufgaben. Für die neuen Testaufgaben zum sozialen Verständnis des MTSI konnten gute psychometrische Eigenschaften und erste Hinweise auf Konstruktvalidität aufgezeigt werden. Zudem unterstützen die durchgeführten Untersuchungen die präferierte Verwendung von "Target Scoring" im Vergleich zu "Group Consensus Scoring".
Keywords: Empathie, Empathy, Humanwissenschaften, Intelligence, Intelligenz, Personality Scales & Inventories, Personality Traits & Processes, Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Persönlichkeitsprozesse, Persönlichkeitstests, Role Taking, Rollenübernahme, Scoring (Testing), Social Perception, Soziale Intelligenz, Soziale Wahrnehmung, Test Validity, Testvalidität, Testwertvergabe, theory of mind -
(2015): How Threats to Masculinity Sequentially Cause Public Discomfort, Anger, and Ideological Dominance Over Women. In: Social Psychology 46 (4), S. 242-254. DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000248
Abstract: This research examined whether threats to masculinity both inspired men’s efforts to reestablish their power over women via the promotion of ideologies that implicitly subordinate women and occurred when men were outperformed by women in masculine domains. Masculinity was threatened by telling men they scored like women on a gender knowledge test (Rudman & Fairchild, 2004), which sequentially led to more concern about how they were perceived by others, increased anger, and the increased endorsement of social dominance orientation (Study 1a) and benevolent sexism (Study 1b). Study 2 additionally shows that men experienced threats to masculinity when outperformed by women in masculine domains; when outperformed by a woman, men reported more concern about how they looked to others, which predicted increased anger and the subsequent sexualization of the woman. The findings link masculinity threats to the promotion of ideologies that implicitly subordinate women; the consequences of these linkages are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 21
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(2015): Sex as a source of power?. Backlash against self-sexualizing women. In: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 19 (1), S. 110-124. DOI: 10.1177/1368430214558312
Abstract: Although women are thought to possess sexual power, they risk social and economic penalties (i.e., backlash; Rudman, 1998) when they self-sexualize (i.e., assert their power; Cahoon & Edmonds, 1989; Glick, Larsen, Johnson, & Branstiter, 2005). Why? Drawing on the status incongruity hypothesis (SIH), which predicts backlash against powerful women because they challenge the gender hierarchy, prejudice was expected against self-sexualizing women to be explained by a dominance penalty rather than a communality deficit (Rudman, Moss-Racusin, Phelan, & Nauts, 2012). Two experiments supported this hypothesis, and Experiment 3 further showed that the dominance penalty was explained by ascribing power motives to self-sexualized women. These findings extend the SIH's utility to the domain of self-sexualization and illuminate the scope of people's discomfort with female power. In conclusion, implications for the advancement of gender equality are discussed. zitiert von 6