Alle Publikationen
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2019
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(2019): On Proactive, Transparent, and Verifiable Ethical Reasoning for Robots. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 107 (3), S. 541-561. DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2019.2898267
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2019.2898267 Abstract: Previous work on ethical machine reasoning has largely been theoretical, and where such systems have been implemented, it has, in general, been only initial proofs of principle. Here, we address the question of desirable attributes for such systems to improve their real world utility, and how controllers with these attributes might be implemented. We propose that ethically critical machine reasoning should be proactive, transparent, and verifiable. We describe an architecture where the ethical reasoning is handled by a separate layer, augmenting a typical layered control architecture, ethically moderating the robot actions. It makes use of a simulation-based internal model and supports proactive, transparent, and verifiable ethical reasoning. To do so, the reasoning component of the ethical layer uses our Python-based belief-desire-intention (BDI) implementation. The declarative logic structure of BDI facilitates both transparency, through logging of the reasoning cycle, and formal verification methods. To prove the principles of our approach, we use a case study implementation to experimentally demonstrate its operation. Importantly, it is the first such robot controller where the ethical machine reasoning has been formally verified.
Keywords: BDI implementation, belief desire intention implementation, control engineering computing, Design methodology, ethical machine reasoning, ethical reasoning, Ethics, formal verification, ieee xplore, intelligent robots, layered control architecture, learning (artificial intelligence), machine learning, Moral & Ethik, Predictive models, Python, robot controller, robot programming, Robots, safety, simulation-based internal model, Social implications of technology, software architecture, transparency 2017
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(2017) : Fourth Industrial Revolution and the future of Engineering: Could Robots Replace Human Jobs? How Ethical Recommendations can Help Engineers Rule on Artificial Intelligence: 2017 7th World Engineering Education Forum (WEEF): Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: IEEE, S. 21-26
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/WEEF.2017.8466973 Abstract: The current economic crisis, combined with the sudden increased use of Information Technology (IT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in human life presents new challenges and opportunities for engineering education and jobs. Engineering education needs to undergo a revolution; ethical issues that involve AI and the use of technologies need to be inserted in the learning process urgently to guarantee the employment of our future engineers. In this work we identified and evaluated issues and candidate recommendations from initiatives like “The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems” and “USA NSTC’s Subcommittee on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence” in order to provide a set of ethical principles and recommendations that are conversant with Engineering ethics defined by “Engineering Criteria 2000”. Some of these ethical principles and recommendations are highlighted with the objective of introducing AI in engineering education and improve the connections between technology and society.
Keywords: AI, Artificial intelligence, candidate recommendations, Companies, control engineering education, economic crisis, Engineering Criteria 2000, engineering education, Engineering ethics, ethical aspects, ethical considerations, ethical issues, ethical principles, ethical recommendations, fourth industrial revolution, human life, ieee xplore, Industries, Industry 4.0, Information technology, intelligent robots, Labor Market, Law, learning (artificial intelligence), Moral & Ethik, service robot 2016
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(2016) : Who should robots adapt to within a multi-party interaction in a public space?: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Christchurch, New Zealand: IEEE Press, S. 483-484
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451817 Abstract: Robots in public environments are challenged with socially appropriate interactions with previously unseen users: they need to offer appropriate services and shape their interaction style according to the particular individual’s needs and preferences, for example the elderly and children. In addition, interactions in public spaces are not limited to merely two parties, but often involve multi-party situations with changing numbers of participants. The research question of this work is to investigate what rules should a socially competent robot follow in order to adapt to such complex social situations in real-world scenarios.
Keywords: Analysis of Variance, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), complex social situations, Hospitals, Humanoid Robots, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Information exchange, intelligent robots, Legged locomotion, multiparty interaction, Multi-Party Interaction, public environments, public spaces, real-world scenarios, Robot sensing systems, service robot, Social robotic, socially appropriate interactions, socially competent robot, speech, user needs, user preferences 2013
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(2013) : It’s not polite to point Generating socially-appropriate deictic behaviors towards people: 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Tokyo, Japan: IEEE, S. 267-274
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2013.6483598 Abstract: Pointing behaviors are used for referring to objects and people in everyday interactions, but the behaviors used for referring to objects are not necessarily polite or socially appropriate for referring to humans. In this study, we confirm that although people would point precisely to an object to indicate where it is, they were hesitant to do so when pointing to another person. We propose a model for generating socially-appropriate deictic behaviors in a robot. The model is based on balancing two factors: understandability and social appropriateness. In an experiment with a robot in a shopping mall, we found that the robot’s deictic behavior was perceived as more polite, more natural, and better overall when using our model, compared with a model considering understandability alone.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Data Collection, Data models, Fingers, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Indexes, intelligent robots, pointing behaviors, pointing gesture, Robots, shopping mall, social appropriateness, social robots, social sciences, socially-appropriate deictic robot behavior generation, understandability, Visualization -
(2013) : Bio-inspired solutions for intelligent android perception and control: 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS): Social Implications of Wearable Computing and Augmediated Reality in Everyday Life: Toronto, Canada: IEEE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS.2013.6613096 Abstract: Summary form only given. After more than half of century of manufacturing-oriented robotics, robots are now evolving and expanding into new applications involving a human-style interaction with people in unstructured environments. Such an endeavour requires a different set of skills for the new generation of robots, which are expected to exhibit an increased ability to intelligently connect perception to action. Due to their expected omnipresence in the lives of people, the new-generation robots should be sensitive to the attitudes and expectations of normal people. They should be endowed with more efficient interaction capabilities allowing for a higher degree of flexibility and autonomy in order to make appropriate decisions in routine and emergency situations. In order to naturally blend within human society, the new-generation robots should not only look as humans, but should also behave as much as possible as humans. They are in a way expected to be, as initially imagined by Capek in his R.U.R. Rossum’s Universal Robots play, anthropomorphic artefacts, androids, enabled to think on their own and governed by Asimov’s laws of robotics hardwired into every robot’s positronic brain. While for a long time, engineers have built upon mathematics, physics and chemistry in order to develop an ever growing variety of industrial artefacts and machines, this approach cannot anymore rise to the challenge of designing these androids. The time has now arrived to add biology and more specifically, human anatomy, physiology and psychology to the scientific sources of knowledge to develop a new, bio-inspired, generation of intelligent androids. Advocating this emergent trend, this presentation will discuss a number of relevant issues such as bioinspired robot sensors and neural networks, humanrobot interaction techniques for symbiotic partnership, as well as moral, ethical, theological, legal, and social challenges in a soon-to-be cyborgsociety world.
Keywords: Androids, anthropomorphic artefacts, Asimov law, bio-inspired materials, bioinspired robot sensors, bio-inspired solutions, Biology, cyborg society world, Educational institutions, human anatomy, human robot interaction techniques, Humanoid Robots, human-style interaction, ieee xplore, industrial artefacts, industrial machines, intelligent android control, intelligent android perception, intelligent robots, interaction capability, Law, manufacturing-oriented robotics, Moral & Ethik, Neural Networks, new-generation robots, omnipresence, physiology, PSYCHOLOGY, robot positronic brain, Robot sensing systems, service robot, symbiotic partnership, universal robots play, unstructured environments 2009
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(2009) : An artificial neural network approach for creating an ethical artificial agent: 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation - (CIRA): Daejeon, Korea: IEEE, S. 290-295
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CIRA.2009.5423190 Abstract: Autonomous robotic systems and intelligent artificial agents’ capability have advanced dramatically. Since the intelligent artificial agents have been developing more autonomous and human-like, the capability of them to make moral decisions becomes an important issue. In this work we developed an artificial neutral network which considered various effective factors for ethical assessment of an action to determine that if a behavior or an action is ethically permissible or not. We integrated this net to the BDI-agent model as a part of its reasoning process to behave ethically in various environments.
Keywords: AMA, Artificial ethical agent, Artificial intelligence, artificial neural network, artificial neural network approach, artificial neural networks, autonomous robotic systems, BDI-Agent, BDI-agent model, ethical artificial agent, ethical reasoning, Ethics, Humanoid Robots, Humans, ieee xplore, intelligent agent, intelligent artificial agents, intelligent robots, Intelligent Systems, machine ethics, Mobile robots, Moral & Ethik, multi-agent systems, neurocontrollers, reasoning process, Software agents, Turning -
(2009) : Robots with emotional intelligence: 2009 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): 2009 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1514095.1514098 Abstract: This keynote talk will illustrate a basic set of skills of emotional intelligence, how they are important for robots and agents that interact with people, and how our research at MIT addresses part of the problem of giving robots such skills. One of the most important skills is the ability to perceive and understand expressions of emotion, which I will highlight by demonstrating new technologies developed to read joint facial-head movements in real-time and associate these with complex affective-cognitive states, and technologies to read paralinguistic vocal cues from speech. I will also show some non-traditional ways robots might sense and learn about human emotion, and ways they can respond to what they sense that can help or hurt people. I will discuss social and ethical issues these technologies raise. Finally, I will present some new possibilities for robots to both learn from people and help teach skills of emotional intelligence to people, especially to those with nonverbal learning impairments who often want to learn these skills, including many people with diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders such as Aspergers Syndrome.
Keywords: Affective computing, affective-cognitive state, Artificial intelligence, Aspergers Syndrome, Autism, Autism spectrum disorder, behavioural sciences, computer aided instruction, deception detection, Educational robots, emotion expression, emotion perception, emotion recognition, emotion understanding, Emotional Intelligence, empathic technology, ethical aspects, ethical issue, facial expression recognition, facial-head movement, human emotion learning, human emotion sensing, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, image motion analysis, intelligent robots, Laboratories, learning (artificial intelligence), Media, medical disorders, MIT, Moral & Ethik, nonverbal learning impairment, paralinguistic vocal cue, physiological sensing, prosody analysis, robot emotional intelligence, Robot sensing systems, skills teaching, social issue, speech processing, system, Teaching 2007
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(2007) : Robopal: Modeling Role Transitions in Human-Robot Interaction: Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation: Roma, Italy: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 2130-2137
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2007.363636 Abstract: We have developed a new communication robot, Robopal, which is an indoor/outdoor robot for use in human-robot interaction research in the context of daily life. Robopal’s intended applications involve leading and/or following a human to a destination. Preliminary experiments have been conducted to study nonverbal cues associated with leading and following behavior, and it has been observed that some behaviors, such as glancing towards the leader or follower, appear to be role-dependent. A system for representing these behaviors with a state transition model is described, based on four kinds of interaction roles: directive, responsive, collaborative, and independent. It is proposed that behavior modeling can be simplified by using this system to represent changes in the roles the robot and human play in an interaction, and by associating appropriate behaviors to each role
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Automation, Collaboration, communication robot, Context modeling, Human robot interaction, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, indoor-outdoor robot, intelligent robots, Laboratories, Legged locomotion, man-machine systems, Mobile robots, Power system reliability, Robopal, Robotics, state transition model, Wheels 2006
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(2006): Toward a General Logicist Methodology for Engineering Ethically Correct Robots. In: IEEE Intelligent Systems 21 (4), S. 38-44. DOI: 10.1109/MIS.2006.82
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2006.82 Abstract: As intelligent machines assume an increasingly prominent role in our lives, there seems little doubt they eventually be called on to make important, ethically charged decisions. We think formal logic offers a way to preclude doomsday scenarios of malicious robots taking over the world. Faced with the challenge of engineering ethically correct robots, we propose a logic-based approach. We’ve successfully implemented and demonstrated this approach. We present it in a general methodology to answer the ethical questions that arise in entrusting robots with more and more of our welfare. A deontic logic formalizes a moral code, allowing ethicists to render theories and dilemmas in declarative form for analysis. It offers a way for human overseers to constrain robot behavior in ethically sensitive environments
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, deontic logic, ethical aspects, ethical robot engineering, ethical sensitive environment, Ethics, formal logic, Humans, ieee xplore, intelligent machine, intelligent robots, Logic, logic-based approach, logicist methodology, Machine intelligence, medical robotics, Moral & Ethik, Natural languages, Protection, robot behavior, Robot sensing systems, Robots -
(2006) : Incorporating guidelines for health assistance into a socially intelligent robot: ROMAN 2006 - The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication: ROMAN 2006 - The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human: Hatfield, UK: IEEE, S. 515-520
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2006.314441 Abstract: The world population is getting older and more and more people suffer from a chronic disease such as diabetes. The need for medical (self-)care therefore increases, and we think a personal (robot) assistant could help. This paper gives guidelines for self-care that supports and shows how it could be incorporated in a (embodied) personal assistant. These guidelines were derived from motivational interviewing, persuasive technology, and from existing guidelines for personal assistants. Questions this paper addresses include: Is it possible to incorporate them in a personal assistant? Can a robot have the same kind of dialogs as a text interface? A first experiment, conducted with young participants, showed that the guidelines were best expressed in a socially intelligent iCat in comparison with a nonsocially intelligent iCat, a social and nonsocially intelligent Tiggie, and a text interface. Furthermore it showed that people indeed preferred the iCat over the text interface, possibly because the iCat’s social intelligence
Keywords: Blood, Diabetes, GUIDELINES, health assistance, Health Care, Human robot interaction, ieee xplore, Insulin, intelligent robots, Künstliche Intelligenz, medical robotics, medical self-care, nonsocially intelligent iCat, nonsocially intelligent Tiggie, Pancreas, personal robot assistant, Senior citizens, Social intelligence, social intelligent Tiggie, socially intelligent iCat, socially intelligent robot, Sugar, text interface 2005
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(2005) : Defining Socially Assistive Robotics: 2005 IEEE 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics: 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, 2005. ICORR 2005: Chicago, IL, USA: June 28-July 1, 2005: [Place of publication not identified]: I E E E, S. 465-468
Abstract: This paper defines the research area of socially assistive robotics, focusing on assisting people through social interaction. While much attention has been paid to robots that provide assistance to people through physical contact (which we call contact assistive robotics), and to robots that entertain through social interaction (social interactive robotics), so far there is no clear definition of socially assistive robotics. We summarize active social assistive research projects and classify them by target populations, application domains, and interaction methods. While distinguishing these from socially interactive robotics endeavors, we discuss challenges and opportunities that are specific to the growing field of socially assistive robotics.
Keywords: Alltag, education, Educational robots, handicapped aids, Hospitals, Human robot interaction, ieee xplore, intelligent robots, Laboratories, Manipulators, man-machine systems, medical robotics, Medical services, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion, Mobile robots, patient rehabilitation, people assistance, Rehabilitation robotics, Senior citizens, service robot, Sociable robots, social aspects of automation, social assistive research projects, social interaction, socially assistive robotics -
(2005) : Three-layered draw-attention model for humanoid robots with gestures and verbal cues: 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems: 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems: Piscataway NJ: IEEE, S. 2423-2428
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2005.1545293 Abstract: When we talk about objects in an environment, we indicate to a listener which object is currently under consideration by using pointing gesture and such reference terms as "this" and "that". Such reference terms play an important role in human interaction by quickly informing the listener of an indicated object’s location. In this research, we propose a three-layered draw-attention model for humanoid robots with gestures and verbal cues. Our proposed three-layered model consists of three sub models: reference term model (RTM), limit distance model (LDM) and object property model (OPM). RTM decides an appropriate reference term using functions constructed by an analysis of human behavior. LDM decides whether to use the object’s property with a reference term. OPM decides the appropriate property for indicating the object by comparing object properties with each other. We developed an attention drawing system in a communication robot named "Robovie" based on the three layered model. We confirmed its effectiveness through the experiments.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Cities, communication robot, Gesture recognition, Human behavior, Human Computer Interaction, human interaction, Human robot interaction, Humanoid Robot, Humanoid Robots, human-robot interaction, human-robot interface, ieee xplore, intelligent robots, Knowledge engineering, limit distance model, Medical services, object property model, pointing gesture, reference term model, robot gesture, robot verbal cue, Robovie, Senior citizens, speech recognition, three-layered draw attention model, towns 2004
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(2004) : Working collaboratively with humanoid robots: 2004 4th IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, 2004: 10-12 Nov. 2004, [Santa Monica, CA ; proceedings]: 2004 4th IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots: Santa Monica, CA, USA: 10-12 Nov. 2004. International Conference on Humanoid Robots; IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Operations Center, S. 253-272
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of our work towards building humanoid robots that can work alongside people as cooperative teammates. We present our theoretical framework based on a novel combination of joint intention theory and collaborative discourse theory, and demonstrate how it can be applied to allow a human to work cooperatively with a humanoid robot on a joint task using speech, gesture, and expressive cues. Such issues must be addressed to enable many new and exciting applications for humanoid robots that require them to assist ordinary people in daily activities or to work as capable members of human-robot teams.
Keywords: Alltag, collaborative discourse theory, Collaborative work, cooperative teammates, Human robot interaction, Humanoid Robots, ieee xplore, intelligent robots, joint intention theory, man-machine systems, Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion, Orbital robotics, Robot kinematics, Robot sensing systems, Robotic assembly, speech, Teamwork -
(2004) : Emotional robotics based on iT/spl I.bar/Media: 30th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2004. IECON 2004, 3: Busan, South Korea: IEEE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2004.1432316 Abstract: Intelligence is thought to be related to interaction rather than a deep but passive thinking. Interactive tangible media "iTMedia" is proposed to explore these issues. Personal robotics is a major area to investigate these ideas. A new design methodology for personal and emotional robotics is proposed. Sciences of the artificial and intelligence have been investigated. A short history of artificial intelligence is presented in terms of logic, heuristics, and mobility; a science of intelligence is presented in terms of imitation and understanding; intelligence issues for robotics and intelligence measures are described. A design methodology for personal robots based on science of emotion is investigated. We investigate three different aspects of design: visceral, behavioral, and reflective. We also discuss affect and emotion in robots, robots that sense emotion, robots that induce emotion in people, and implications and ethical issues of emotional robots. Personal robotics for the elderly is investigated to explore these ideas.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Design methodology, emotion recognition, emotional robotics, ethical issues, History, Humans, ieee xplore, intelligent robots, Intelligent Systems, interactive systems, interactive tangible media, iT/spl I.bar/Media intelligence, Logic, Mechanical engineering, Mobile robots, Moral & Ethik, passive thinking, personal robotics, Robot sensing systems -
(2004) : Evaluation of supervisory vs. peer-peer interaction with human-robot teams In: Sprague, Ralph H.: Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences: Abstracts and CD-ROM of full papers : 5-8 January, 2004, Big Island, Hawaii: 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the: Big Island, HI, USA: 1/8/2004 - 1/8/2004. Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences; IEEE Computer Society: Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society Press
Abstract: We submit that the most interesting and fruitful human-robot interaction (HRI) may be possible when the robot is able to interact with the human as a true team member, rather than a tool. However, the benefits of shared control can all too easily be overshadowed by challenges inherent to blending human and robot initiative. The most important requirements for peer-peer interaction are system trust and ability to predict system behavior. The human must be able to understand the reason for and effects of robot initiative. These requirements can only be met through careful application of human factors principles and usability testing to determine how users interact with the system. This paper discusses the recent human participant usability testing, which took our current implementation to task using a search and rescue scenario within a complex, real-world environment. The purpose of testing was to examine how human operators work with the robotic system at each level of autonomy, and how interaction with the robot should be structured to enable situation awareness and task completion. Analyses revealed that our architecture equally supported situation awareness and target detection by novices and experts, although experienced users were more likely to have more performance expectations of the interface. Results also had implications regarding the ability of participants to effectively utilize the collaborative workspace and, most importantly, their ability to understand and willingness to accept robot initiative.
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(2004) : Toward an actualization of social intelligence in human and robot collaborative systems: 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566), 4: 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37566): Sendai, Japan: IEEE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2004.1389916 Abstract: As robot technology is evolving and creating a social community between humans and robots, it is necessary to research and develop a new type of intelligence, which we refer to as "social intelligence”. Social intelligence enables natural and socially appropriate interactions. Its importance is gaining a growing interest among not just the human-computer interaction researchers but also robot technology researchers and developers. This article discusses the definition, importance, and benefits of social intelligence in human and robot collaborative systems. The virtual social environment is employed to implement an experimental social intelligence system because of its low cost and high flexibility. Software robots (i.e. agents) with the social intelligence model have been implemented by featuring an emotion model and a personality model under the virtual environment. The social intelligence model that handles affective responses is based on the theories of personality, emotion, and human-media interaction such as cognitive appraisal theory and media equation. The experiment was conducted with the virtual learning collaborative system to examine the effect of the social intelligence model in the collaborative system. The data showed that the users had more positive impressions about the usefulness and the application and learning experience when the cooperative agent displayed some social responses with personality and emotions. It should be noted here that the cooperative agent did not provide any explicit assistance for the human user such as giving clues and showing answers, and yet the user’s evaluation on the usefulness of the learning system was influenced by the social agent. The data also suggested that the cooperative agent contributed to the effectiveness of the learning system.
Keywords: APPRAISAL, Artificial intelligence, Cognitive robotics, Collaboration, Costs, groupware, human collaborative system, Human Computer Interaction, Human robot interaction, Humanoid Robots, ieee xplore, intelligent agent, intelligent robots, Intelligent Systems, Künstliche Intelligenz, learning system, learning systems, robot collaborative system, robot technology, Social intelligence, Software agents, software robot, Virtual environment 2003
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(2003) : Problems of artificial emotions in mental therapy: Proceedings 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation. Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation for the New Millennium (Cat. No.03EX694), 2: Kobe, Japan: IEEE
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CIRA.2003.1222243 Abstract: Development of artificial intelligence has enabled us to design software agents and robots having more humanlike behaviors. In particular, research focus on emotions in this discipline has contributed to this type of design methods. This research trend leads to application of artificial intelligence to healing for humans, in particular, mental therapy. However, it has sufficiently not been either investigated or discussed how artificial emotions of software agents and robots in the specific contexts of mental therapy can affect mental states of individuals, the societies, and cultures. This paper discusses some problems of artificial emotions in mental therapy from the perspectives of the sociology of emotions, clinical sociology, and the sociology of health and illness, in particular, relating with the concept of double bind.
Keywords: Application software, artificial emotions, Artificial intelligence, clinical sociology, double blind concept, emotions sociology, health sociology, human behaviors, Human robot interaction, Humanoid Robots, ieee xplore, illness sociology, intelligent agent, intelligent robots, Künstliche Intelligenz, Medical treatment, mental therapy, PSYCHOLOGY, Robots, robots design, Sociology, Software agents, software agents design
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