Alle Publikationen
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2017
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(2017): Attending to attention. How do people attract, manage, and negotiate attention using mobile devices?. In: Mobile Media & Communication 5 (3), S. 256-274. DOI: 10.1177/2050157917714504
Abstract: In today's always-connected world people have an ever-increasing array of ways to stay in touch, often selecting among multiple media that allow for different degrees of attention (e.g., phone calls vs. texting) and may vary in convenience for their interaction partner. In this environment, people must manage their attention to each other. Recent work suggests attention management can be considered as a dyadic negotiation process in which people are continually acting to display their own focus of attention and gather information about others' focus of attention, and may seek to increase or decrease the current level of attention from their partner. To explore attention management and negotiation on mobile devices, we built a custom application to track people's SMS and phone call activity. Drawing on log and transcript data, we use qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the details of attention management behavior within specific relationships for a few participants, and then used hierarchical clustering to identify different patterns of attention management in relationships of varying tie strength. Results suggest that attention is managed both implicitly and explicitly, with explicit negotiation more likely when there are conflicts. There are also substantial differences in interaction patterns by tie strength, with phone calls and shorter text response times more common for weaker ties.
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(2017): Impoliteness in EFL. Foreign Language Learners’ Complaining Behaviors Across Social Distance and Status Levels. In: SAGE Open 7 (3). DOI: 10.1177/2158244017732816
Abstract: A growing body of literature has investigated impoliteness in many domains. Nevertheless, little research has examined impoliteness done by foreign language learners. Impoliteness used in interlanguage complaints by English as a foreign language learners was observed. The effects of interlocutors' different status levels and social distance on the use of impoliteness were analyzed. Empirical data were elicited by means of oral discourse completion tasks from 50 Indonesian English as a foreign language learners in Central Java, Indonesia. The overall direction of the findings showed trends that status levels and social distance between interlocutors prompted different frequencies and strategies of impoliteness. The frequent use of impolite complaints was instigated by a number of factors such as the learners' understanding about the speech act in question, their perceptions on the social distance and status levels of interlocutors, and the nature of the research instrument.
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(2017): Towards a social functional account of laughter. Acoustic features convey reward, affiliation, and dominance. In: PLoS one 12 (8). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183811
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28850589 Abstract: Recent work has identified the physical features of smiles that accomplish three tasks fundamental to human social living: rewarding behavior, establishing and managing affiliative bonds, and negotiating social status. The current work extends the social functional account to laughter. Participants (N = 762) rated the degree to which reward, affiliation, or dominance (between-subjects) was conveyed by 400 laughter samples acquired from a commercial sound effects website. Inclusion of a fourth rating dimension, spontaneity, allowed us to situate the current approach in the context of existing laughter research, which emphasizes the distinction between spontaneous and volitional laughter. We used 11 acoustic properties extracted from the laugh samples to predict participants' ratings. Actor sex moderated, and sometimes even reversed, the relation between acoustics and participants' judgments. Spontaneous laughter appears to serve the reward function in the current framework, as similar acoustic properties guided perceiver judgments of spontaneity and reward: reduced voicing and increased pitch, increased duration for female actors, and increased pitch slope, center of gravity, first formant, and noisiness for male actors. Affiliation ratings diverged from reward in their sex-dependent relationship to intensity and, for females, reduced pitch range and raised second formant. Dominance displayed the most distinct pattern of acoustic predictors, including increased pitch range, reduced second formant in females, and decreased pitch variability in males. We relate the current findings to existing findings on laughter and human and non-human vocalizations, concluding laughter can signal much more that felt or faked amusement.
Keywords: Acoustics, Adult, Aged, Art der Beziehung zum Interaktionspartner, Belohnung, center of gravity, Dauer, Female, formant, Gender, Gestik/Mimik, Humans, Klanghöhe (pitch), Kommunikations-/Interaktionsprinzipien, Lächeln, Lachen, Laughter/psychology, Male, Middle Aged, noisiness, pitch slope, Reward, Sanktionierung, Sex Factors, Social Dominance, Social Identification, Soziale Distanz, Soziale Dominanz, Spontaneität beim Lachen, Status / biologische Marker, Stimmhaftigkeit (voicing), Young Adult, Zugehörigkeit (affiliation) 2015
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(2015): “Swear words” and “curse words” in Australian (and American) English. At the crossroads of pragmatics, semantics and sociolinguistics. In: Intercultural Pragmatics 12 (2). DOI: 10.1515/ip-2015-0010
Abstract: This study seeks to show that Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) analytical techniques allow an integrated semantic-pragmatic approach to the use of "swear words" and "curse (cuss) words". The paper begins with a semantic exegesis of the lexical items swear word and curse word. This is helpful to delimit and conceptualize the phenomena being studied, and it also hints at some interesting differences between the speech cultures of Australian English and American English. Subsequent sections propose semantic explications for a string of swear/curse words and expressions as used in Australian English, including: exclamations (Shit! Fuck! Damn! Christ! Jesus!), abuse formulas (Fuck you!, Damn you!), interrogative and imperative formulas (e.g. Who the fuck do you think you are?; Get the hell out of here!), and the free use of expressive adjectives, such as fucking and goddamn, in angry swearing. A novel aspect, with interesting implications for the relationship between semantics and pragmatics, is that the explications incorporate a metalexical awareness section, modelling speaker awareness of the ethnometapragmatic status of the word in the community of discourse. The study goes on to address so-called "social/conversational" swearing. I propose cultural scripts to capture some Anglo ethnopragmatic assumptions about how the use of swear/curse words can be affected by perceptions of familiarity, solidarity, and mutuality. Differences between Australian English and American English are discussed at various points.
Keywords: Art der Beziehung zum Interaktionspartner, Bekanntheitsgrad, Beleidigungen/swearwords etc., Kultur, mutuality, Relevenz von persönlichem Bekanntheitsgrad beim Benutzen von Schimpfwörtern, social/conversational swearing, Solidarität, Soziale Distanz, Sprachgebrauch, time, Verwendung von grober Sprache/incivility 2013
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(2013): Höflichkeit im Wandel. Entwicklungen und Tendenzen in der Höflichkeitspraxis und dem laienlinguistischen Höflichkeitsverständnis der bundesdeutschen Sprachgemeinschaft innerhalb der letzten fünfzig Jahre. Heidelberg University Library
Abstract: Vorliegender Arbeit liegt die Hypothese zugrunde, dass sich gegenwärtig im bundesdeutschen Sprachgebiet ein Höflichkeitswandel vollzieht. Der Publizist und langjährige ZEIT-Redakteur Dieter E. ZIMMER (1991) spricht von einer ‘Neuen Herzlichkeit’. Beobachtbar ist die Tendenz eines Übergangs von einer etikettehaften, ritualisierten Höflichkeit mit etablierten Ausdrucksmitteln zu einer Simulation von Nähe und Vertraut¬heit, in der nichtetablierte sprachliche Mittel zum Einsatz kommen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Beschaffenheit des Höflichkeitswandels im Deutschen zu beschreiben und mögliche Ursachen zu diskutieren. Der Arbeit liegt ein korpusgestützter Untersuchungsansatz zugrunde. Das Datenkorpus, das die Grundlage zur Analyse der Höflichkeitsperformanz bildet, umfasst rund 2300 Schreiben aus dem Bereich der deutschsprachigen Geschäftskorrespondenz ausgewählter Unternehmen und öffentlicher Einrichtungen. Die Auswertung der empirischen Daten lässt den Schluss zu, dass sich als neue Höflichkeit im Deutschen vier Ausprägungsformen von Nähehöflichkeit postulieren lassen. Nähehöflichkeit zeigt sich erstens in dem Transfer von Umgangsformen aus dem Kommunikationsbereich der Nähe in den Kommunikationsbereich der Distanz, zweitens in einer erhöhten sprachlichen Kreativität und Individualität der Sprachbenutzer, drittens in einer verstärkten Verwendung konzeptioneller Mündlichkeit in der geschäftlichen Korrespondenz¬ und schließlich in der Übernahme amerikanischer Umgangsformen. Der laienlinguistische Metadiskurs über Höflichkeit verläuft parallel zu ihrer Performanz und fungiert dabei sowohl als ständiges Performanzkorrektiv wie als Initiator des Höflichkeitswandels.
Keywords: Deutsch, Disziplin, Erzeugen von Vertrautheit durch Verwendung von Umgangssprache, Favoriten, Historical shifts of politeness forms, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Linguistik, Soziale Angemessenheit, Politeness, Soziale Distanz, Theorie der Nähehöflichkeit, Überblick, Verwendung von Umgangssprache/nichtetablierte sprachliche Mittel -
(2013): Disentangling face, facework and im/ politeness. In: Sociocultural Pragmatics 1 (1), S. 46-73
Abstract: It is generally assumed in pragmatics that face is essentially a “socially attributed aspect of self”, and that politeness is one kind of facework, alongside other forms of facework such as impoliteness, mock impoliteness, mock politeness, self politeness and so on. In this paper, the assumed necessary link between face and im/politeness is questioned. Drawing from emic studies of face and im/politeness, it is argued that face and im/politeness should be studied, in the first instance, as distinct objects of study in their own right. It is also suggested that drawing from a wider range of emic conceptualisations of face and im/politeness opens up aspects of interpersonal phenomena that have been relatively neglected in pragmatics to date, namely, the importance of relationships as well as the sets of expectancies that underpin evaluations of im/politeness, as distinct areas for theorisation and analysis. It is concluded that while the Goffmanian face(work) paradigm has proven very productive in pragmatics, drawing from various other emic understandings affords further hitherto relatively under-explored analytical opportunities in the study of interpersonal phenomena.
2012
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(2012): Intercultural communication. A discourse approach. 3. ed., 1. publ. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell (Language in society)Keywords: Diskursanalyse, Disziplin, Erste Welle, Favoriten, FTA Face Threatening Acts, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Höflichkeitsforschung der ersten Welle, (Im)Politeness Research, Intercultural Communication View, Kommunikation, Kulturkontakt, Linguistik, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Distanz, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, Sprache, Sprachgebrauch
2011
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(2011) : Etiquette In Motivational Agents: Engaging Users And Developing Relationships In: Hayes, Caroline C.; Miller, Christopher Allan (Hg.): Human-computer etiquette: Cultural expectations and the design implications they place on computers and technology: Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, S. 205-230
Abstract: Micro-analysis of face-to-face interaction among humans can tell us a great deal about how to design etiquette into our human-machine interfaces in order to make them more intuitive, robust, and easy to use. Human protocols for conversational turn-taking, indicating understanding, marking emphasis, and displaying presumed relationship status, are but a few of the myriad verbal and nonverbal cues that can be observed in face-to-face interaction and incorporated into our systems. However, one of the most interesting-and challenging aspects of human interaction for both analysis and emulation is that the “rules of engagement”—that is, etiquette-expectations change frequently and ªuidly during a single encounter. A person must know if their interlocutor is engaging in serious talk, social chat, play, storytelling, or joke-telling to know how to interpret their behavior and to respond appropriately. In addition, these rules can also slowly evolve as a pair of interlocutors develops a relationship over time. is chapter will discuss these phenomena in human social interactions and their rami¤cations for developing human-like machine interfaces such as the animated health counselor shown in Figure 9.1. is work focuses on a particular type of application as a motivating example-the use of computerized animated counselors for long-term health behavior change interventions-and why at least some of the interaction styles that are e¢ective in this domain comprise rules of etiquette that would not be considered “nice” by Emily Post.
Keywords: Agent, Antworten im Rahmen einer Konversation, Art der Beziehung zum Interaktionspartner, Betonung, doppelter Treffer, Ernsthaftigkeit einer Situation, Erzählweise, Etikette, Etiquette as rules of expectation, Favoriten, Für spezifische Situationen festgelegte Verhaltensregeln, humor, Konversationskonventionen als Etikette-Erwartungen, Korrespondenz, Mensch oder Maschine, Mensch-Technik-Interaktion, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Mensch-Technische Systeme, Modelle, narrative, Plauderei, Prosody, Realtechnik, Signalisieren von Verstehen, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Sozial Intelligente Agenten, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Distanz, Soziale Robotik, Soziosensitive Systeme, Spiel, Sprachgebrauch, Sprechmelodie, Technik, Theorien, Turn-taking innerhalb der Konsersation, User, Volltreffer, Witze -
(2011): What Korean apologies require of politeness theory. In: Journal of Pragmatics 43 (5), S. 1303-1317. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.10.028
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.10.028 Abstract: This paper examines a corpus of Korean apologies to discover why a person apologizes and why they choose the form of apology that they do. It argues for an abstracted, generalized politeness1 model (Locher and Watts, 2005; Watts, 2003) in which politeness work in Korean is primarily concerned with relationship construction (Arundale, 2006; Haugh, 2007c; Matsumoto, 1988). This will involve both a notion of face, conceived as a psychological, acquired construct, and a set of frames (Terkourafi, 2005) that do not directly reference face. To arrive at this theoretical point, the paper begins by examining the social factors that influence choices in apology forms as predicted by Brown and Levinson (1987). Brown and Levinson’s model accurately predicts the relevance of many factors in form selection in Korean, such as relative power, social distance, and the severity of the act. However, the model itself is not an accurate model for Korean even in high abstraction. Instead of choosing a strategy based upon the weight of a face-threatening act, Koreans actively manage and create expectations for behavior in a relationship. Some expectations will resemble classic positive and negative face issues, while others will more directly reference culture-specific roles or common events.
Keywords: Angesicht, Apologies, Brown and Levinson's model, Distanz, Disziplin, Entschuldigung, Entschuldigungsforschung, Ernsthaftigkeit einer Situation, Erwartungen, Face, frames, Gesichtswahrung, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, Interaktionspartner, Korean, Kultur, Kulturelle Normen, Kulturspezifizität, Kulturtheorie, Linguistik, Macht, Politeness, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Sociolinguistics, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Distanz, Soziale Hierarchie, Sozialer Abstand, Sprachgebrauch 2010
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(2010): Cross-cultural and situational variation in requesting behaviour. Perceptions of social situations and strategic usage of request patterns. In: Journal of Pragmatics 42 (8), S. 2262-2281. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.02.001
Abstract: Brown and Levinson (1978) and Brown and Levinson (1987) is that social distance, power and imposition are the most important factors influencing speakers' linguistic choices and that there is a positive correlation between these social variables and the degree of indirectness employed. The present study investigates the relationship between social/situational and cultural factors and native and non-native speakers' requesting behaviour. It examines whether the requestive strategies of English native speakers and of Greek ESL learners follow a similar trend across different social situations. It additionally tests whether the same social situations are perceived and rated similarly by the two groups and the extent to which the speakers' directness is influenced by familiarity, power and imposition. Results have shown that there are high levels of cross-cultural agreement between the two groups for trends of situational variation but also some cross-cultural disagreement on the specific directness levels employed for given situations. Even though significant differences in the speakers' assessment of social reality seems to explain the differences in their linguistic choices to some extent, this study argues that power, familiarity and imposition alone do not always decide speakers' directness. A number of intervening situational and cultural factors need to be taken into account when interpreting speakers' linguistic choices.
2009
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(2009): Language and human relations. Styles of address in contemporary language. 1. publ. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Online verfügbar unter http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511576690
Abstract: Exploring practices in the family, school, the workplace, this book investigates the varied ways people choose to address one another. The way in which people address one another is crucial to expressing social relationships and is closely linked with cultural values. In English we call some people by their first names, and others 'Mr' or 'Ms', followed by their surname. In some other languages there are different ways of saying 'you' depending on the degree of social distance. Exploring practices in the family, school, university, the workplace and in letters, this book reveals patterns in the varied ways people choose to address one another, from pronouns to first names, from honorifics to titles and last names. Examples are taken from contemporary English, French, German and Swedish, using rich data from focus group research, interviews, chat groups, and participant observation.
Keywords: Anrede, Art der Beziehung zum Interaktionspartner, Art des Kommunikationsmediums, Forms of address, gesprochene Sprache, Grammar, Comparative and general, Honorific, Milieu, Nationalität, Politeness (Linguistics), POWER, Pronoun, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Soziale Distanz, Sprachgebrauch 2004
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(2004): Models of social networks based on social distance attachment. In: Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics 70 (5 Pt 2). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.056122
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15600707 Abstract: We propose a class of models of social network formation based on a mathematical abstraction of the concept of social distance. Social distance attachment is represented by the tendency of peers to establish acquaintances via a decreasing function of the relative distance in a representative social space. We derive analytical results (corroborated by extensive numerical simulations), showing that the model reproduces the main statistical characteristics of real social networks: large clustering coefficient, positive degree correlations, and the emergence of a hierarchy of communities. The model is confronted with the social network formed by people that shares confidential information using the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption algorithm, the so-called web of trust of PGP.
Keywords: Algorithms, Computer Simulation, degree of acquaintance, Disziplin, Favoriten, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, Hierarchy, Social, Interpersonal Relations, Modelle/Theorien, Models, Biological, Netzwerktheorien, Population Dynamics, Residence Characteristics, Social Behavior, Social Change, Social Distance, social networks based on social distance, Social Support, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Distanz, Soziologie, SV 1978
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(1978) : Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena In: Goody, Esther N.: Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction: 1. Aufl.: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 56-289
Abstract: This study is about the principles for constructing polite speech. We describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languges and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated - politeness, broadly defined to include both polite friendliness and polite formality - and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of south India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England, supplemented by examples from other cultures. Of general interest is the point that underneaath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politenss provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society.
Keywords: Brown & Levinson, Disziplin, Erste Welle, Face-Saving View, Favoriten, FTA Face Threatening Acts, Good manners, Höflichkeit, Höflichkeitsforschung, (Im)Politeness Research, Kultur, Linguistik, Macht, Modelle/Theorien, Observablen/Kriterien für sozial angemessenes Verhalten und dessen Bewertung, Situationsbedingter Kontext, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Distanz, Sozialer Raum / Kultureller Kontext, Sprachgebrauch, Status / biologische Marker -
Goody, Esther N. (1978): Questions and politeness. Strategies in social interaction. 1. Aufl.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Abstract: These essays, by anthropologists and anthropological linguists, draw on material from speech communities in three continents to raise fundamental questions about the ways in which interrogative and politeness forms are used in day-to-day social interaction. The authors suggest that interrogative and politeness forms have universal features which make them efficient for certain strategies of interaction. Why should these strategies constantly recur? Here the focus shifts to the consideration of status and power, social roles and social distance. Esther Goody looks at the way in whichy the institutionalization of questioning allows only for speech acts consistent with status differences. Brown and Levinson claim that speech acts are potentially threatening to those being addressed, and that politeness forms have evolved as a mechanism for reducing such threats. They analyse the conditions under which politeness forms will be used and show that their findings are consistent with data drawn from India, Mexico and the US.
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