Alle Publikationen
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2019
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(2019): Anthropomorphization of artificial agents leads to fair and strategic, but not altruistic behavior. In: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 122, S. 168-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.09.008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.09.008 Abstract: With robots playing an increasing role in our daily lives, our emotional responses to them have become an active subject of study. The process of anthropomorphization, ascribing human affordances to non-human objects, is thought to play a large role in human-robot interaction. However, earlier studies have relied largely on experimenter’s manipulation of anthropomorphism, and the use of virtual robots. The aim of this study was to investigate peopleâs fairness preference and strategic and altruistic behavior toward different opponents (a human, a semi-humanoid and a spider-like robot, and a laptop) in two economic games. Anthropomorphization questionnaires and mood measures were also administered. Our findings suggest that fairness preference and strategic behavior are not predicted by the opponent’s physical appearance, but instead predicted by individual differences in the tendency to anthropomorphize others. Altruistic behavior, on the other hand, is affected by the opponent’s physical appearance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
2018
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(2018): Anthropomorphism in human–robot co-evolution. In: Frontiers in psychology 9, S. 1-9. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00468
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00468 Abstract: Social robotics entertains a particular relationship with anthropomorphism, which it neither sees as a cognitive error, nor as a sign of immaturity. Rather it considers that this common human tendency, which is hypothesized to have evolved because it favored cooperation among early humans, can be used today to facilitate social interactions between humans and a new type of cooperative and interactive agents – social robots. This approach leads social robotics to focus research on the engineering of robots that activate anthropomorphic projections in users. The objective is to give robots ’social presence’ and ’social behaviors’ that are sufficiently credible for human users to engage in comfortable and potentially long-lasting relations with these machines. This choice of ‘applied anthropomorphism’ as a research methodology exposes the artifacts produced by social robotics to ethical condemnation: social robots are judged to be a ’cheating’ technology, as they generate in users the illusion of reciprocal social and affective relations. This article takes position in this debate, not only developing a series of arguments relevant to philosophy of mind, cognitive sciences, and robotic AI, but also asking what social robotics can teach us about anthropomorphism. On this basis, we propose a theoretical perspective that characterizes anthropomorphism as a basic mechanism of interaction, and rebuts the ethical reflections that a priori condemns ’anthropomorphism-based’ social robots. To address the relevant ethical issues, we promote a critical experimentally based ethical approach to social robotics, ’synthetic ethics,’ which aims at allowing humans to use social robots for two main goals: self-knowledge and moral growth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018) : Artificial Empathy in Social Robots: An analysis of Emotions in Speech: 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Nanjing, China: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 632-637
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525652 Abstract: Artificial speech developed using speech synthesizers has been used as the voice for robots in Human Robot Interaction (HRI). As humans anthropomorphize robots, an empathetically interacting robot is expected to increase the level of acceptance of social robots. Here, a human perception experiment evaluates whether human subjects perceive empathy in robot speech. For this experiment, empathy is expressed only by adding appropriate emotions to the words in speech. Also, humans’ preferences for a robot interacting with empathetic speech versus a standard robotic voice are also assessed. The results show that humans are able to perceive empathy and emotions in robot speech, and prefer it over the standard robotic voice. It is important for the emotions in empathetic speech to be consistent with the language content of what is being said, and with the human users’ emotional state. Analyzing emotions in empathetic speech using valence-arousal model has revealed the importance of secondary emotions in developing empathetically speaking social robots.
Keywords: Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), Anthropomorphism, appropriate emotions, artificial empathy, artificial speech, control engineering computing, emotion recognition, empathetic speech, empathetically interacting robot, human perception experiment, Human robot interaction, human subjects, human users, human-robot interaction, Humans, ieee xplore, Medical services, robot interacting, Robot sensing systems, robot speech, Robots, service robot, social robots, speech synthesis, speech synthesizers, standard robotic voice, standards, Task Analysis 2016
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(2016): Non-anthropomorphic robots as social entities on a neurophysiological level. In: Computers in Human Behavior 57, S. 182-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.034
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.034 Abstract: Studied the evocation of the so-called mirror neuron system (MNS) response by means of "social interaction" with a nonanthropomorphic robot. 57 adults (mean age 23 years) were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions. Electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded while participants observed video clips of someone operating a malfunctioning vacuum-cleaning robot. Subjects watched the movements of the robot before and after it had been handled by its operator. In one group, the robot was humanized insofar as it was treated aggressively. In the control group, it was simply treated as an object. EEG mu activity served as an inverse indicator of MNS activity. Brain activity was also recorded at occipital electrodes. Subjects rated the operator's aggressiveness, and their associated compassion for the robot. Mu activity was moderately correlated with operator aggressiveness and subjects' compassion ratings; the more perceived aggression that the robot was subjected to, the more compassion subjects felt, and the less pronounced their mu activity was in response to the robot's "experience."
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(2016) : Which robot am I thinking about? The impact of action and appearance on people’s evaluations of a moral robot: 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Christchurch, New Zealand: IEEE Press, S. 125-132
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2016.7451743 Abstract: In three studies we found further evidence for a previously discovered Human-Robot (HR) asymmetry in moral judgments: that people blame robots more for inaction than action in a moral dilemma but blame humans more for action than inaction in the identical dilemma (where inaction allows four persons to die and action sacrifices one to save the four). Importantly, we found that people’s representation of the “robot” making these moral decisions appears to be one of a mechanical robot. For when we manipulated the pictorial display of a verbally described robot, people showed the HR asymmetry only when making judgments about a mechanical-looking robot, not a humanoid robot. This is the first demonstration that robot appearance affects people’s moral judgments about robots.
Keywords: Anthropomorphism, Artificial intelligence, Context, Ethics, HR asymmetry, Human Factors, Humanoid Robots, human-robot asymmetry, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Machine morality, mechanical robot, mechanical-looking robot, Moral & Ethik, moral decisions, Moral judgments, moral psychology, moral robot, pictorial display, PSYCHOLOGY, Rails, Robot Ethics, social aspects of automation, verbally described robot 2014
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(2014): Keep an Eye on the Task! How Gender Typicality of Tasks Influence Human–Robot Interactions. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 6 (3), S. 417-427. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-014-0244-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0244-0 Abstract: In an experiment, we tested whether the gender typicality of a human "robot interaction (HRI) task would affect the users" performance during HRI and the users' evaluation, acceptance and anthropomorphism of the robot. N=73 participants (38 females and 35 males) performed either a stereotypically male or a stereotypically female task while being instructed by either a "male" or a "female" robot. Results revealed that gender typicality of the task significantly affected our dependent measures: More errors occurred when participants collaborated with the robot in the context of a stereotypically female work domain. Moreover, when participants performed a typically female task with the robot they were less willing to accept help from the robot in a future task and they anthropomorphized the robot to a lower extent. These effects were independent of robot and participant gender. Our findings demonstrate that the gender typicality of HRI tasks substantially influences HRI as well as humans' perceptions and acceptance of a robot.
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(2014) : Dimensions of Anthropomorphism : From Humanness to Humanlikeness In: Sagerer, Gerhard; Imai, Michita; Belpaeme, Tony; Thomaz, Andrea (Hg.): HRI'14: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction : March 3-6, 2014, Bielefeld, Germany. Unter Mitarbeit von Gerhard Sagerer und Michita Imai: the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference: Bielefeld, Germany: 3/3/2014 - 3/6/2014. Hri; Association for Computing Machinery; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; IEEE Robotics and Automation Society; ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 66-73
Abstract: In HRI anthropomorphism has been considered to be a unidimensional construct. However, social psychological studies of the potentially reverse process to anthropomorphisation - known as dehumanization - indicate that there are two distinct senses of humanness with different consequences for people who are dehumanized by deprivation of some of the aspects of these dimensions. These attributes are crucial for perception of others as humans. Therefore, we hypothesized that the same attributes could be used to anthropomorphize a robot in HRI and only a two-dimensional measures would be suitable to distinguish between different forms of making a robot more humanlike. In a study where participants played a quiz based on the TV show “Jeopardy!” we manipulated a NAO robot's intelligence and emotionality. The results suggest that only emotionality, not intelligence, makes robots be perceived as more humanlike. Furthermore, we found some evidence that anthropomorphism is a multidimensional phenomenon.
2013
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(2013) : Loneliness makes the heart grow fonder (of robots) — On the effects of loneliness on psychological anthropomorphism In: Kuzuoka, Hideaki: 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): 3 - 6 March 2013, Tokyo, Japan ; [including workshop papers: 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Tokyo, Japan: 3/3/2013 - 3/6/2013. Association for Computing Machinery; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction; Hri; Workshop on Eye-Gaze in Intelligent Human-Machine Interaction; Workshop on Design of Human Likeness in HRI from Uncanny Valley to Minimal Design; Workshop on Collaborative Manipulation: New Challenges for Robotics and HRI; Workshop on Probabilistic Approaches for Robot Control in Human-Robot Interaction (PARC-HRI); HRI Pioneers Workshop; Workshop on Applications for Emotional Robots: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 121-122
Abstract: Sociality motivation represents an essential driving force for human behavior and well-being. If the need for affiliation is not satisfied and social interaction partners are unavailable, people might use an alternative strategy: Nonhuman entities, such as pets or religious deities are humanized and turned into social agents. We tested this notion in the context of social robotics and investigated whether activating feelings of loneliness would affect perceptions of anthropomorphism. Results showed that lonely people anthropomorphized the robot FloBi more than participants in the control group. Thus, importantly, users' motivational states need to be considered in the context of human-robot interaction (HRI) as they clearly affect judgments of the robotic interaction partner.
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(2013): When a Robot’s Group Membership Matters. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 5 (3), S. 409-417. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-013-0197-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-013-0197-8 Abstract: Previous work has documented that humans categorize robots as members of different social groups, thereby using socially relevant cues such as a robot's alleged gender or nationality. Importantly, these social categorization processes affect impressions people form about robots. In an experiment with N = 45 participants, we utilized a minimal-group paradigm and tested whether categorizing the humanoid robot NAO as an in-group member vs. an out-group member based on socially non-relevant features would result in higher levels of anthropomorphism and more positive evaluations of the robot. Innovatively, to assess anthropomorphism, we utilized an implicit measurement procedure. Results support our hypotheses: Perceived in-group membership with the robot resulted in a greater extent of anthropomorphic inferences about the robot and more positive evaluations. Moreover, compared to the out-group condition, participants who perceived NAO as an in-group member showed greater willingness to interact with robots in general.
2010
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(2010): The more humanlike, the better? How speech type and users’ cognitive style affect social responses to computers. In: Computers in Human Behavior 26 (4), S. 665-672. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.003 Abstract: The present experiment investigated if anthropomorphic interfaces facilitate people’s tendency to project social expectations onto computers and how such effects might vary depending on users’ cognitive style. In a 2 (synthetic vs. recorded speech)×2 (flattering vs. generic feedback)×2 (low vs. high rationality)×2 (low vs. high experientiality) experiment, participants played a trivia game with a computer. Use of recorded speech did not amplify the previously documented flattery effects (Fogg & Nass, 1997), challenging the notion that anthropomorphism will promote social responses to computers. Participants evaluated the human-voiced computer more positively and conformed more to its suggestions than the one using synthetic speech, but such effects were found only among less analytical or more intuition-driven individuals, suggesting dispositional differences in people’s susceptibility to anthropomorphic cues embedded in the interface.
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(2010) : Effect of social robot’s behavior in collaborative learning: 2010 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Osaka, Japan: IEEE, S. 195-196
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI.2010.5453199 Abstract: This paper describes about the effect of social robot’s behavior on human performance. The robot behaves based on an artificial mind model, and it expresses emotions according to the situation. In this research, we consider about the case where human and the robot learn cooperatively. The robot emotionally reacts to the joint learner’s success and failure. The experimental result shows that social behavior of the robot influences the performance of human learners.
Keywords: Animals, Anthropomorphism, APPRAISAL, Artificial intelligence, artificial mind model, collaborative learning, Collaborative work, Computer science education, Engines, groupware, human learners, human performance, Human robot interaction, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, Künstliche Intelligenz, learning (artificial intelligence), Mobile robots, Personality, robot emotion, Social robot, social robot behavior, Switches 2006
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(2006): “Social Robotics” und Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 37 (4), S. 219-231. DOI: 10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.219
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.219 Abstract: Aus aktuellen Entwicklungen zur Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (MMI), insbesondere auf dem Feld der Social Robotics, entstehen neuartige Perspektiven für die sozialpsychologische Forschung. Da Computer und Roboter sich in besonderem Maße als Objekte einer Anthropomorphisierung eignen, sollten psychologische Zugänge auch in diesem Forschungsfeld hilfreich sein. Ausgehend von Unterscheidungen zwischen verschiedenen Typen dieser Maschinen werden mögliche Beiträge der Sozialpsychologie zur interdisziplinären Forschung und Entwicklung skizziert. Vorliegende Befunde zur sozialen Dimension der MMI werden vorgestellt und diskutiert, nämlich das Forschungsprogramm "Computer als soziale Akteure" sowie Ansätze zur Menschenähnlichkeit der Maschine als unabhängiger und abhängiger Variablen. Abschließend werden spezifische Themen für die zukünftige sozialpsychologische Forschung in drei klassischen Bereichen (Urteilsprozesse im Kontext der MMI, "interpersonelle" Prozesse, Intergruppenbeziehungen) vorgeschlagen.
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(2006) : Multimodal Human-Robot Interaction Framework for a Personal Robot: The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2006: RO-MAN 2006 ; 6-8 Sept. 2006, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom ; proceedings: RO-MAN 2006: The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication: Hatfield: 9/6/2006 - 9/8/2006. IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication; IEEE Ro-Man: Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, S. 39-44
Abstract: This paper presents a framework for multimodal human-robot interaction. The proposed framework is being implemented in a personal robot called Maggie, developed at RoboticsLab of the University Carlos III of Madrid for social interaction research. The control architecture of this personal robot is a hybrid control architecture called AD (automatic-deliberative) that incorporates an emotion control system (ECS). Maggie's main goal is to interact establish a peer-to-peer relationship with humans. To achieve this goal, a set of human-robot interaction skills are developed based on the proposed framework. The human-robot interaction skills imply tactile, visual, remote voice and sound modes. The multi-modal fusion and synchronization are also presented in this paper.
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(2006): Differential social attributions toward computing technology. An empirical investigation. In: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 64 (5), S. 446-460. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.09.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.09.002 Abstract: A debate exists as to whether social cues should be intentionally designed into the user interface. Some have argued that such interfaces will improve comfort with the interface, create a more natural interaction and improve productivity, although others have argued that these interfaces will lead individuals to ascribe characteristics and responsibilities to computing technology that it does not have. Despite the debate, limited research has focused on the impact these interfaces have on how people ascribe responsibility to computing technology. Drawing from social psychology, empirical work regarding social responses toward computing technology, and attribution theory, this research empirically tests a model developed by Marakas et al. [2000. A theoretical model of differential social attributions toward computing technology: when the metaphor becomes the model. International Journal of Human Computer Studies 52, 719–750] which identifies and explains several of the factors that contribute to differential social attributions toward computing technology. Using data from 240 students and professionals, results from a laboratory study indicate that attributions toward computing technology are influenced by an individual's core self-evaluations, their generalized beliefs about the social role of computing technology and the nature of the computer interface used. Specifically, the results provide support for the argument that certain individuals do indeed attribute independent agency to computing technology and respond accordingly, and that this propensity is magnified when exposed to a computer with a distinctly social interface. Implications for both the applied and academic research communities are discussed.
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(2006): Empathy, androids and ’authentic experience’. In: Connection Science 18 (4), S. 419-428. DOI: 10.1080/09540090600868847
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09540090600868847 Abstract: Androids of the future will require the capacity for bodily experience, in addition to specific cognitive proficiencies. Interpersonal experiences, such as intimacy, empathy and felicity, provide the crucial sense of solidarity and connection that sustains relationships between humans. This study explores relationships between perceptual experience and perceptual competency and discusses implications for the design of people-oriented androids. Findings from an exploratory study of interpersonal perception indicate there is no relationship between objective performance and subjective experience based on thin slices of actor behaviour. However, correlations between experiences indicate that empathy and intimacy are linked and distinct from felicity. Analysis of gender effects indicates gender-distributed roles for empathy and intimacy. These imply design specifications for future androids that may be required to form relationships with people. Some conjectures on the phenomenology of the empathic and the moral android of the future are explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
2005
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(2005) : Human perspective on affective robotic behavior: a longitudinal study: 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems: Edmonton, AB, Canada, 2-6 August 2005: 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems: Edmonton, Alta., Canada: 8/2/2005 - 8/2/2005. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: Piscataway, N.J: IEEE Operations Center, S. 1444-1451
Abstract: Humans are inherently social creatures, and affect plays no small role in their social nature. We use our emotional expressions to communicate our internal state, our moods assist or hinder our interactions on a daily basis, we constantly form lasting attitudes towards others, and our personalities make us uniquely predisposed to perform certain tasks. In this paper, we present a framework under development that combines these four areas of affect to influence robotic behavior, and describe initial results of a longitudinal human-robot interaction study. The study was designed to inform the development of the framework in order to increase ease and pleasantness of human-robot interaction.
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