Alle Publikationen
2017
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(2017): Technik und Kultur. Interkulturelle Handlungskompetenz für Techniker und Ingenieure. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler (essentials)
Abstract: Wie beeinflussen sich Kultur und Technik wechselseitig? Ein Fallbeispiel aus der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit -- Wie bestimmt Kultur den Umgang mit Technik? -- Was versteht man unter Kultur? -- Wie wirken sich kulturelle Einflussfaktoren auf die berufliche Praxis im Auslandseinsatz aus? -- Wie wirken sich kulturelle Einflussfaktoren auf den Umgang mit Technik aus? -- Wie entstehen kulturell bedingte Unterschiede im Denken und wie wirken sie auf das Erleben und Handeln? -- Was versteht man unter interkultureller Handlungskompetenz? -- Wann ist interkulturelle Handlungskompetenz gefordert? -- Entwicklung interkultureller Handlungskompetenz -- Fazit in Bezug auf interkulturelle Handlungskompetenz als Schlüsselqualifikation in einer internationalisierten und globalisierten Arbeitswelt -- Schlussbemerkungen Angaben zu Umschlag (U4) Dieses essential bietet einen Zugang zur interkulturellen Thematik für Techniker und Ingenieure anhand von Fallbeispielen aus der Praxis deutscher Fach- und Führungskräfte im Auslandseinsatz. Es werden die wichtigsten Komponenten interkultureller Handlungskompetenz benannt und näher analysiert. Zudem werden Methoden beschrieben, mit denen es gelingt, unterschiedliche kulturelle Einflussfaktoren frühzeitig zu erkennen und entsprechend zu bearbeiten. Der erfahrene Autor Alexander Thomas sensibilisiert für kulturell bedingte Problemlagen und zeigt Wege auf, wie eine eigenständige Entwicklung interkultureller Handlungskompetenz gelingen kann. Der Inhalt Wie sich Kultur und Technik gegenseitig beeinflussen Die Auswirkung kultureller Einflussfaktoren auf die berufliche Praxis im Auslandseinsatz Entwicklung interkultureller Handlungskompetenz Die Zielgruppen Studierende technischer, ingenieurwissenschaftlicher und naturwissenschaftlicher Fächer Führungskräfte mit Auslandstätigkeit Der Autor Professor Dr. Alexander Thomas beschäftigt sich seit über 30 Jahren in Forschung und Lehre mit der Psychologie interkulturellen Handelns. Er ist Mitbegründer des Instituts für Kooperationsmanagement (IKO) an der Universität Regensburg und Autor vieler erfolgreicher Fachbücher zum Aufbau internationaler Kompetenz
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(2017): A Pilot Study of a Self-Administered Parent Training Intervention for Building Preschoolers’ Social-Emotional Competence. In: EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION JOURNAL 45 (3), S. 419-426
Abstract: Social-emotional skills are equally as crucial for school success as cognitive and academic skills (WebsterStratton and Reid in Infants Young Child 17: 96-113, 2004), yet many young children lack these skills (Lavigne et al. in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:204-214, 1996). Therefore, it is essential to invest in the development of social-emotional competence at an early age-a task that necessitates active parent involvement (WebsterStratton and Reid 2004). This pilot study explored the effectiveness, integrity, and acceptability of a self-administered parent training intervention [Devereux Early Childhood Assessment-Second Edition (DECA-P2) family guide (Mackrain and Cairone in Promoting resilience for now and forever: a family guide for supporting the social and emotional development of preschool children, 2nd edn. Kaplan Early Learning Company, Lewisville, 2013)] targeting the promotion of social-emotional competence in young children (N = 12). Pre-and post-test parent reports revealed that children's social-emotional competence increased and behavior problems decreased following program completion. Parent ratings indicated the intervention was carried out as intended (i.e., integrity) and that it was helpful (i.e., acceptability). These exploratory findings suggest that this self-administered parent intervention shows promise as an alternative to face-to-face early childhood prevention services.
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(2017): Rethinking Participation, Rethinking Planning. In: Planning Theory & Practice 18 (4), S. 566-582. DOI: 10.1080/14649357.2017.1371788
Abstract: If planning is more than 'what planners do', what does this mean for efforts to make planning more inclusive and representative? This article examines the connection between efforts to democratise the practice of planning and efforts to democratise its definition. Drawing on insurgent historiography, I argue that public participation was not introduced in the twentieth century, it was reimagined. Just as mainstream planning histories have been challenged as efforts to claim and legitimate certain roles for the professional planner, celebratory narratives of participation as a post-1960s phenomenon can similarly be understood as an effort to contain and control the work of planning. Instead of a bounded, professional and state-led process to which participatory practices can (and should) be added, this article puts forth an account of planning as a contingent and continuing process extending well beyond the profession.
Keywords: Design -
Tibayrenc, Michel; Ayala, Francisco José (Hg.) (2017): On human nature. Biology, psychology, ethics, politics, and religion. Amsterdam; Boston; Heidelberg; London; New York; Oxford; Paris; San Diego; San Francisco; Singapore; Sydney; Tokio: Academic Press an imprint of Elsevier
Keywords: Anthropology of religion, Biological Evolution, Culture, Ethics, Evolutionary, Evolutionary Psychology, Genetische Variabilität, Hominidae, Human beings, Human evolution, Human genetics, Origin of Life, Physical anthropology, Political anthropology, Psychobiology, science direct, Selection, Genetic, Sociobiology, Soziobiologie -
(2017): The Network Dynamics of Status. Assimilation and Selection. In: Social Forces 96 (1), S. 389-422. DOI: 10.1093/sf/sox040
Abstract: Using longitudinal data that we have collected on friendship and advice relations in a cohort of MBA students, we examine how status affects the dynamics of network ties among peers. Estimates of Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models (SAOMs) suggest that status is a consequence of network ties because over time the level of status attributed to individual students by other students tends to the average level of status attributed to their network partners-a phenomenon we call status assimilation. Status is also an antecedent to network ties because it affects partner selection decisions, giving rise to distinct forms of social attachment. We find that both network-based processes of status assimilation, as well as status-based processes of social selection, are present, but they vary subtly yet significantly across network domains. Students tend to the average level of status of their friends, but not to that of their advisors. High-status students are more active in the friendship network, but more popular in the advice network. We find evidence of performance homophily rather than status homophily: students with similar grades are more likely to exchange friendship and advice ties. High-status students tend to be more central in the advice network, but status attributions spill over through friendship, rather than advice relations. The study documents how the relation between social status and social networks varies both over time, as well as across network domains. The study also demonstrates the importance of accounting for multiplexity-the tendency of a network to operate through another.
Keywords: ADVICE, Bekanntheitsgrad, CENTRALITY, decision-making, Disziplin, EXCHANGE, Favoriten, friendship, Gruppenverhalten / Joint Action, INEQUALITY, MARKET, Modelle/Theorien, Netzwerk, Netzwerktheorien, ORGANIZATIONAL CHOICE, POWER, social importance dynamics, social networks, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziologie, Status, Status-zentriert -
(2017): Wert(e) der Familie. In: Report Psychologie 42 (11-12)
Abstract: m Rahmen eines Interviews wird die Bedeutung innerfamiliärer Beziehungen für die Werteentwicklung bei Eltern und Kindern im Allgemeinen und für die Integration von Bürgern mit Migrationshintergrund im Besonderen erläutert. Zudem wird darauf hingewiesen, dass für eine gelungene Integration sowohl Migrantinnen und Migranten als auch Einheimische lernen müssen, mit vielfältigen und zum Teil gegensätzlichen Werten und damit verbundenen Verhaltensweisen umzugehen. Im Folgenden werden dann Daten skizziert, die für einen Wertewandel in verschiedenen Kulturen in Richtung Autonomie, Selbstständigkeit und Individualismus sprechen. Erste in Deutschland durchgeführte Untersuchungen ergaben allerdings Hinweise darauf, dass die Ähnlichkeit hinsichtlich einer familienorientierten (versus individualistischen) Einstellung zwischen Enkeln und Großeltern größer war als zwischen Enkeln und ihren Eltern. Eine Balance zwischen Autonomie und Verbundenheit als Wertorientierungen wird als gute Voraussetzung für den Umgang mit Werten und deren Wandel sowohl in der Familie als auch in der Gesellschaft betrachtet.
Keywords: Gesellschaft, Werte -
(2017): Toward Socially Aware Robot Navigation in Dynamic and Crowded Environments. A Proactive Social Motion Model. In: IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 14 (4), S. 1743-1760. DOI: 10.1109/TASE.2017.2731371
Abstract: Safe and social navigation is the key to deploying a mobile service robot in a human-centered environment. Widespread acceptability of mobile service robots in daily life is hindered by robot's inability to navigate in crowded and dynamic human environments in a socially acceptable way that would guarantee human safety and comfort. In this paper, we propose an effective proactive social motion model (PSMM) that enables a mobile service robot to navigate safely and socially in crowded and dynamic environments. The proposed method considers not only human states (position, orientation, motion, field of view, and hand poses) relative to the robot but also social interactive information about human-object and human group interactions. This allows development of the PSMM that consists of elements of an extended social force model and a hybrid reciprocal velocity obstacle technique. The PSMM is then combined with a path planning technique to generate a motion planning system that drives a mobile robot in a socially acceptable manner and produces respectful and polite behaviors akin to human movements. Note to Practitioners-In this paper, we validated the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed proactive social motion model (PSMM) through both simulation and real-world experiments under the newly proposed human comfortable safety indices. To do that, we first implemented the entire navigation system using the open-source robot operating system. We then installed it in a simulated robot model and conducted experiments in a simulated shopping mall-like environment to verify its effectiveness. We also installed the proposed algorithm on our mobile robot platform and conducted experiments in our office-like laboratory environment. Our results show that the developed socially aware navigation framework allows a mobile robot to navigate safely, socially, and proactively while guaranteeing human safety and comfort in crowded and dynamic environments. In this paper, we examined the proposed PSMM with a set of predefined parameters selected based on our empirical experiences about the robot mechanism and selected social environment. However, in fact a mobile robot might need to adapt to various contextual and cultural situations in different social environments. Thus, it should be equipped with an online adaptive interactive learning mechanism allowing the robot to learn to auto-adjust their parameters according to such embedded environments. Using machine learning techniques, e.g., inverse reinforcement learning [1] to optimize the parameter set for the PSMM could be a promising research direction to improve adaptability of mobile service robots in different social environments. In the future, we will evaluate the proposed framework based on a wider variety of scenarios, particularly those with different social interaction situations and dynamic environments. Furthermore, various kinds of social cues and signals introduced in [2] and [3] will be applied to extend the proposed framework in more complicated social situations and contexts. Last but not least, we will investigate different machine learning techniques and incorporate them in the PSMM in order to allow the robot to automatically adapt to diverse social environments.
Keywords: Disziplin, Favoriten, Human comfortable safety, Ingenieurswissenschaft, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), mobile service robots, Modelle/Theorien, proactive social motion model (PSMM), Realtechnik, Robotics, Serviceroboter, social field and polite, social robots, socially aware robot navigation, Soziale Robotik, Technik -
(2017): Even good bots fight: The case of Wikipedia. In: PLOS ONE 12 (2). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171774
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171774 Abstract: In recent years, there has been a huge increase in the number of bots online, varying from Web crawlers for search engines, to chatbots for online customer service, spambots on social media, and content-editing bots in online collaboration communities. The online world has turned into an ecosystem of bots. However, our knowledge of how these automated agents are interacting with each other is rather poor. Bots are predictable automatons that do not have the capacity for emotions, meaning-making, creativity, and sociality and it is hence natural to expect interactions between bots to be relatively predictable and uneventful. In this article, we analyze the interactions between bots that edit articles on Wikipedia. We track the extent to which bots undid each other’s edits over the period 2001–2010, model how pairs of bots interact over time, and identify different types of interaction trajectories. We find that, although Wikipedia bots are intended to support the encyclopedia, they often undo each other’s edits and these sterile “fights” may sometimes continue for years. Unlike humans on Wikipedia, bots’ interactions tend to occur over longer periods of time and to be more reciprocated. Yet, just like humans, bots in different cultural environments may behave differently. Our research suggests that even relatively “dumb” bots may give rise to complex interactions, and this carries important implications for Artificial Intelligence research. Understanding what affects bot-bot interactions is crucial for managing social media well, providing adequate cyber-security, and designing well functioning autonomous vehicles.
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(2017): How "ought" exceeds but implies "can". Description and encouragement in moral judgment. In: Cognition 168, S. 267-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.07.008
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28755538 Abstract: This paper tests a theory about the relationship between two important topics in moral philosophy and psychology. One topic is the function of normative language, specifically claims that one "ought" to do something. Do these claims function to describe moral responsibilities, encourage specific behavior, or both? The other topic is the relationship between saying that one "ought" to do something and one's ability to do it. In what respect, if any, does what one "ought" to do exceed what one "can" do? The theory tested here has two parts: (1) "ought" claims function to both describe responsibilities and encourage people to fulfill them (the dual-function hypothesis); (2) the two functions relate differently to ability, because the encouragement function is limited by the person's ability, but the descriptive function is not (the interaction hypothesis). If this theory is correct, then in one respect "ought implies can" is false because people have responsibilities that exceed their abilities. But in another respect "ought implies can" is legitimate because it is not worthwhile to encourage people to do things that exceed their ability. Results from two behavioral experiments support the theory that "ought" exceeds but implies "can." Results from a third experiment provide further evidence regarding an "ought" claim's primary function and how contextual features can affect the interpretation of its functions.
Keywords: Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Judgment, Kognitionswissenschaften, Male, Middle Aged, Moral, Morals, science direct, Social Behavior, Social Norms, Sprachwissenschaften, Young Adult -
(2017): The Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television. Increases in the Use of Swear Words in American Books, 1950-2008. In: SAGE Open 7 (3). DOI: 10.1177/2158244017723689
Abstract: Evidence is accumulating that American culture has become more individualistic since the 1950s. In the present research, we focused on one plausible manifestation of individualism, the use of swear words in cultural products. We examined trends in the use of the seven words identified by George Carlin in 1972 as the seven words you can never say on television in the Google Books corpus of American English books from 1950 to 2008. We find a steady linear increase in the use of swear words, with books published in 2005-2008 twenty-eight times more likely to include swear words than books published in the early 1950s. Increases for individual swear words ranged from 4 to 678 times (ds = 6.58-45.42). These results suggest that American culture has become increasingly accepting of the expression of taboo words, consistent with higher cultural individualism.
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(2017): Why children follow rules: Legal socialization and the development of legitimacy.. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.001.0001 Abstract: Legal scholars and social scientists studying the law recognize that a central issue in law is understanding why adults obey the law. Evidence suggests that law-related attitudes and values are central to motivating adult law-related behavior, and hence that it is important to understand how they develop during the process of legal socialization. Although this is true, legal scholarship has widely ignored the process of childhood and adolescent socialization. The lack of research on legal socialization is ironic in that by the time people become adults, their law-related attitudes and values are already well formed and they have often had formative personal experiences with legal authorities. This important development begins during childhood and adolescence as part of the overall process of socialization. Our goal in this volume is to encourage scholars to pay greater attention to the issue of legal socialization. We do this by identifying the fundamental processes assoc iated wi th such socialization. These are (1) the internalization of values about how legal authorities are supposed to act toward citizens and how people are supposed to behave toward authorities in their role as citizens; (2) the formation of attitudes about the tangible representations of the law, including courts, laws, police, judges, and other legal authorities; and (3) the development of the cognitive and biological capacity to reason and think about the appropriate role for the law as a social institution in society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 9
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(2017): The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory. In: Frontiers in psychology 8. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454 Abstract: Emotion has a substantial influence on the cognitive processes in humans, including perception, attention, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. Emotion has a particularly strong influence on attention, especially modulating the selectivity of attention as well as motivating action and behavior. This attentional and executive control is intimately linked to learning processes, as intrinsically limited attentional capacities are better focused on relevant information. Emotion also facilitates encoding and helps retrieval of information efficiently. However, the effects of emotion on learning and memory are not always univalent, as studies have reported that emotion either enhances or impairs learning and long-term memory (LTM) retention, depending on a range of factors. Recent neuroimaging findings have indicated that the amygdala and prefrontal cortex cooperate with the medial temporal lobe in an integrated manner that affords (i) the amygdala modulating memory consolidation; (ii) the prefrontal cortex mediating memory encoding and formation; and (iii) the hippocampus for successful learning and LTM retention. We also review the nested hierarchies of circular emotional control and cognitive regulation (bottom-up and top-down influences) within the brain to achieve optimal integration of emotional and cognitive processing. This review highlights a basic evolutionary approach to emotion to understand the effects of emotion on learning and memory and the functional roles played by various brain regions and their mutual interactions in relation to emotional processing. We also summarize the current state of knowledge on the impact of emotion on memory and map implications for educational settings. In addition to elucidating the memory-enhancing effects of emotion, neuroimaging findings extend our understanding of emotional influences on learning and memory processes; this knowledge may be useful for the design of effective educational curricula to provide a conducive learning environment for both traditional "live" learning in classrooms and "virtual" learning through online-based educational technologies.
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(2017): The Rawlsian Critique of Utilitarianism. A Luhmannian Interpretation. In: Journal of Business Ethics 142 (1), S. 25-35. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-015-2786-y
Abstract: The present paper builds on the Rawlsian critique of utilitarianism in order to identify the moral implications of Niklas Luhmann's social systems theory. While Luhmann aptly discerned the pervasive problems of the precarious system-environment relations throughout the modern society, he took moral communication to be person-centered and thus ill-equipped to deal with these problems. At the same time, the Rawlsian possibility of sacrificing fundamental liberties for the sake of economic gains not only exemplifies the Luhmannian precariousness of the relations of the economic system to its societal environment, but also shows this precariousness to be a moral problem. Thus, from the systems-theoretic perspective, the Rawlsian idea of justice denotes the moral dimension of the capacity of the societal environment to carry the economic system. More generally, the proposed complementarity between Rawls and Luhmann allows to see the precariousness of system-environment relations, for any type of social system, as a moral problem. Two implications follow. First, the morally problematic manifestations of the precarious system-environment relations are not limited to the Rawlsian case of the discrimination of the least advantaged groups but rather include a broad range of social costs and damaging effects of business on society and nature. Second, and related, the proposed systems-theoretic perspective explicates the moral value of sustainability of the economic as well as other social systems in their environment, societal and ecological alike.
Keywords: BUSINESS, business ethics, ethics, CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP, Disziplin, Economic system, Ethik, Gesellschaftsprofit, John Rawls, Justice, Kosten-Nutzen, Luhmann, Moral, moralische Dimension, Moralphilosophie, Morals, Moraltheorie, Niklas Luhmann, Philosophie, Rawls, SOCIAL COSTS, social systems, Societal environment, SYSTEMS, Utilitarianism, Utilitarismus -
(2017): Robot ZORA in rehabilitation and special education for children with severe physical disabilities: A pilot study. In: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 40 (4), S. 353-359. DOI: 10.1097/MRR.0000000000000248
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0000000000000248 Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the potential of ZORA robot-based interventions in rehabilitation and special education for children with severe physical disabilities. A two-centre explorative pilot study was carried out over a 2.5-month period involving children with severe physical disabilities with a developmental age ranging from 2 to 8 years. Children participated in six sessions with the ZORA robot in individual or in group sessions. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data on aspects of feasibility, usability, barriers and facilitators for the child as well as for the therapist and to obtain an indication of the effects on playfulness and the achievement of goals. In total, 17 children and seven professionals participated in the study. The results of this study show a positive contribution of ZORA in achieving therapy and educational goals. Moreover, sessions with ZORA were indicated as playful. Three main domains were indicated to be the most promising for the application of ZORA: movement skills, communication skills and cognitive skills. Furthermore, ZORA can contribute towards eliciting motivation, concentration, taking initiative and improving attention span of the children. On the basis of the results of the study, it can be concluded that ZORA has potential in therapy and education for children with severe physical disabilities. More research is needed to gain insight into how ZORA can be applied best in rehabilitation and special education. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): When robots appear to have a mind: The human perception of machine agency and responsibility. In: New Ideas in Psychology, S. 93-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2017.11.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2017.11.001 Abstract: An important topic in the field of social and developmental psychology is how humans attribute mental traits and states to others. With the growing presence of robots in society, humans are confronted with a new category of social agents. This paper presents an empirical study demonstrating how psychological theory may be used for the human interpretation of robot behavior. Specifically, in this study we applied Weiner's Theory of Social Conduct as a theoretical background for studying attributions of agency and responsibility to NAO robots. Our results suggest that if a robot's failure appears to be caused by its (lack of) effort, as compared to its (lack of) ability, human observers attribute significantly more agency and, although to a lesser extent, more responsibility to the robot. However, affective and behavioral responses to robots differ in such cases as compared to reactions to human agents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Do-It-Yourself Design for Social Robots. An Open-Source Hardware Platform to Encourage Innovation. In: IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 24 (1), S. 86-94. DOI: 10.1109/MRA.2016.2639059
Abstract: One of the chief obstacles in achieving wider acceptance of robotics is that only experienced roboticists can develop robotics applications. If we want robots in our homes and offices, we need more tools and platforms that reduce the costs of prototyping robots them, in terms of both time and money. The open-source paradigm offers a potential solution to these key factors. However, creating open-source robotics hardware does not just mean making the design files available online. It is essential to design the hardware in such a way that it can be built and modified by non-expert users. In this article we summarize our experiences of four years of creating open-source robotics in academia that led to the social robot Ono and the Opsoro design toolkit for social robots. We detail our design approach, leveraging DIY-friendly techniques to create systems that, though complex, can be assembled and modified by novices. We describe four experiments, two focusing on the assembly of an open-source robot and two using our toolkit to create novel social robot embodiments. They show that the key elements to attract novices are the ability to build, hack and use a social robot platform at different levels of difficulty. We believe that the open-source approach holds much promise in robotics research, though this approach is not without its challenges. The main bottlenecks are: the lack of time for ancillary activities related to open-source, the difficulty of building communities around niche research topics and the challenge of consolidating open hardware approaches with traditional business models. Do-It-Yourself Design for Social Robots: A Platform of.... Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313872926_Do-It-Yourself_Design_for_Social_Robots_A_Platform_of_Open-Source_Hardware_to_Encourage_Innovation [accessed May 09 2018].
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(2017): Attention Is All You Need. In: 31st Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2017), S. 6000-6010. Online verfügbar unter https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.03762
Abstract: The dominant sequence transduction models are based on complex recurrent or convolutional neural networks in an encoder-decoder configuration. The best performing models also connect the encoder and decoder through an attention mechanism. We propose a new simple network architecture, the Transformer, based solely on attention mechanisms, dispensing with recurrence and convolutions entirely. Experiments on two machine translation tasks show these models to be superior in quality while being more parallelizable and requiring significantly less time to train. Our model achieves 28.4 BLEU on the WMT 2014 English-to-German translation task, improving over the existing best results, including ensembles by over 2 BLEU. On the WMT 2014 English-to-French translation task, our model establishes a new single-model state-of-the-art BLEU score of 41.8 after training for 3.5 days on eight GPUs, a small fraction of the training costs of the best models from the literature. We show that the Transformer generalizes well to other tasks by applying it successfully to English constituency parsing both with large and limited training data.
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VDE (2017): AmE 2017 - Automotive meets Electronics; 8th GMM-Symposium. Berlin, Germany: VDE Verlag GmbH
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(2017): High power mindsets reduce gender identification and benevolent sexism among women (But not men). In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 68, S. 162-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.012
Abstract: We examine how feelings of power affect gender identification and the endorsement of sexism. Participants wrote essays about a time when they felt powerful or powerless (Studies 1–3) or about an event unrelated to power (Studies 2–3). Then, they reported how much they identified with their gender group. When primed with high power, women reported lower levels of gender identification, as compared to those primed with low power (Studies 1–2) and to a control condition (Studies 2–3). In Study 3, we also found that women primed with high power endorsed benevolent (but not hostile) sexism less than women in both the low power and control conditions. Power had no impact on men's gender identification or sexism.
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Vinciarelli, Alessandro; Burgoon, Judee K.; Pantic, Maja; Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia (Hg.) (2017): Social signal processing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316676202 Abstract: What does it mean to be social? distinguishing social from biological signal systems -- Universal dimensions of social cognition -- Measuring responses to nonverbal social signals: research on affect receiving ability -- Computational analysis of vocal expression of affect - trends and challenges -- The vertical dimension of social signaling -- Self-presentation: signaling personal and social characteristics -- Interaction coordination and adaptation -- Social signals and persuasion -- Social presence in CMC and VR -- Facial actions as social signals -- Automatic analysis of bodily social signals -- Computational approaches for personality prediction -- Automatic analysis of aesthetics: human beauty, attractiveness, and likability -- Interpersonal synchrony: from social perception to social interaction -- Automatic analysis of social emotions -- Social signal processing for automatic role recognition -- Machine learning methods for social signal processing -- Speech synthesis: state-of-the-art and challenges for the future -- Body movements generation for virtual characters and social robots -- Approach and dominance as social signals for affective interfaces -- Virtual reality and prosocial behaviour -- Social signal processing in social robotics -- Social signal processing for surveillance -- Analysis of small groups -- Multimedia implicit tagging -- Social signal processing for conflict analysis and understanding -- Social signal processing and socially assistive robotics in developmental disorders -- Social signal of deception and dishonesty Social Signal Processing is the first book to cover all aspects of the modeling, automated detection, analysis, and synthesis of nonverbal behavior in human-human and human-machine interactions. Authoritative surveys address conceptual foundations, machine analysis and synthesis of social signal processing, and applications. Foundational topics include affect perception and interpersonal coordination in communication; later chapters cover technologies for automatic detection and understanding such as computational paralinguistics and facial expression analysis and for the generation of artificial social signals such as social robots and artificial agents. The final section covers a broad spectrum of applications based on social signal processing in healthcare, deception detection, and digital cities, including detection of developmental diseases and analysis of small groups. Each chapter offers a basic introduction to its topic, accessible to students and other newcomers, and then outlines challenges and future perspectives for the benefit of experienced researchers and practitioners in the field
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(2017) : Introduction: Social Signal Processing In: Vinciarelli, Alessandro; Burgoon, Judee K.; Pantic, Maja; Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia (Hg.): Social signal processing: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 1-8
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(2017): Hat der Amtsrespekt ausgedient?. Hamburg. Online verfügbar unter http://www.respectresearchgroup.org/respekt/dossier-2/
Abstract: Wir werden vom Kaufhauspersonal geduzt, wir gehen mit Jogginghose ins Bürgerbüro und wir lesen Zeitungen in denen unsere Bundeskanzlerin je nach Stimmungslage mal mit Kaspermütze, mal mit Stinkefinger per Photoshop aufgepeppt wird. Was würden unsere (Ur-)Großeltern dazu sagen? Geht uns das gute Benehmen verloren? Dahinter steht die Frage nach dem Respekt. Und die Antwort darauf scheint sich in den letzten hundert Jahren drastisch gewandelt zu haben. Zuerst einmal: Menschen brauchen Respekt um sich entfalten zu können und um gut zusammenleben zu können. Respekt motiviert uns und hilft uns dabei, uns mit anderen zu identifizieren. Wenn Sie heute gefragt werden würden, ob Ihnen Respekt als Wert an sich wichtig wäre, würden Sie dies sicherlich bejahen. Aber wie kommt es dann zu den eingangs beschriebenen Situationen?
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(2017): Language from police body camera footage shows racial disparities in officer respect. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (25), S. 6521-6526. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702413114
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702413114 Abstract: Using footage from body-worn cameras, we analyze the respectfulness of police officer language toward white and black community members during routine traffic stops. We develop computational linguistic methods that extract levels of respect automatically from transcripts, informed by a thin-slicing study of participant ratings of officer utterances. We find that officers speak with consistently less respect toward black versus white community members, even after controlling for the race of the officer, the severity of the infraction, the location of the stop, and the outcome of the stop. Such disparities in common, everyday interactions between police and the communities they serve have important implications for procedural justice and the building of police-community trust.
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(2017): Harm to self outweighs benefit to others in moral decision making. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (30), S. 7963-7968. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706693114
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706693114 Abstract: How we make decisions that have direct consequences for ourselves and others forms the moral foundation of our society. Whereas economic theory contends that humans aim at maximizing their own gains, recent seminal psychological work suggests that our behavior is instead hyperaltruistic: We are more willing to sacrifice gains to spare others from harm than to spare ourselves from harm. To investigate how such egoistic and hyperaltruistic tendencies influence moral decision making, we investigated trade-off decisions combining monetary rewards and painful electric shocks, administered to the participants themselves or an anonymous other. Whereas we replicated the notion of hyperaltruism (i.e., the willingness to forego reward to spare others from harm), we observed strongly egoistic tendencies in participants' unwillingness to harm themselves for others' benefit. The moral principle guiding intersubject trade-off decision making observed in our study is best described as egoistically biased altruism, with important implications for our understanding of economic and social interactions in our society.
Keywords: Altruism, Death and Dying, Decision Making, entscheiden, Gesellschaft, Moral, Social Cognition -
(2017) : Antecedents and Consequences of Evaluative Concerns Experienced During Intergroup Interaction. When and How Does Group Status Matter? In: Sibley, Chris G.; Barlow, Fiona Kate (Hg.): The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 519-541
Abstract: The information search model drew on existing research and theory to make a range of predictions regarding antecedents and consequences of evaluative concerns during intergroup interaction. A key premise of the model was that these concerns could have a variety of negative implications for intergroup relations. Although at the time clear evidence supported of some of the model's propositions, other propositions were largely speculative. In this chapter, we review the new research and assess the extent to which the findings support versus contradict key propositions of the model. Because of space limitations, we focus on group memberships defined by ethnic background and broad themes, especially with respect to consequences. We place particular emphasis on the evidence for similarities versus differences across members of higher- and lower-status groups. We conclude by considering implications for intervention and identifying what we see as important next steps for research in this area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Gruppenverhalten, Status