Alle Publikationen
2011
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(2011): Could positive affect help engineer robot control systems?. In: Cogn Process 12 (4), S. 375-378. DOI: 10.1007/s10339-011-0401-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-011-0401-4 Abstract: Emotions have long been seen as counteracting rational thought, but over the last decades, they have been viewed as adaptive processes to optimize human (but also animal) behaviour. In particular, positive affect appears to be a functional aspect of emotions closely related to that. We argue that positive affect as understood in Kuhl’s PSI model of the human cognitive architecture appears to have an interpretation in state-of-the-art hybrid robot control architectures, which might help tackle some open questions in the field.
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(2011): Compliments revisited. Contemporary compliments and gender. In: Journal of Pragmatics 43 (11), S. 2673-2688. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.04.014
Abstract: Pioneering work on compliments based on corpora collected almost 30 years ago examined the formulaic and gendered nature of compliments. However, the passage of time and questions about collection methods justify a new data collection and analysis. This article is based on two corpora of compliments among status equals collected on a small Midwestern campus in the US in 2008 and 2010. Analysis of the corpora reveals the importance of distinguishing between compliments given in unstructured versus goal-oriented settings. In unstructured settings, appearance compliments between women on apparel and hairstyle predominated and served as phatic communication that reinforced the norm of effortful attention to daily appearance. In goal-oriented settings, however, men and women gave and received compliments on an almost equal basis, with men giving and receiving slightly more compliments than women. For both men and women, compliments on performance far outnumbered all other topics in goal-oriented settings. Men's use of performance compliments on sports in unstructured settings, however, suggests that men used these types of compliments to each other to reinforce values of heterosexual masculinity. Through the types of compliments they gave, men and women revealed gendered values.
Keywords: time -
(2011): Social recognition as an equal: The role of equality-based respect in group life. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 41 (4), S. 501-507. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.814
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.814 Abstract: The study presented in this article examined the role of social recognition as an equal in group members' motivation to serve their ingroup as well as actual group‐serving behavior. We predicted and found that social recognition as opposed to non‐recognition as an equal, communicated by fellow group members, increased participants' group‐serving motivation and behavior. In addition, the psychological processes underlying this effect were examined. We theoretically derived a mediational chain, which was then tested empirically. As expected, social recognition as an equal led to experiences of being respected, and perceived equality of self played a mediational role in this relationship. The experience of respect, in turn, was associated with stronger collective identification, which played a mediating role linking the respect experience with higher motivation and better behavioral performance in group‐serving tasks. Moreover, these effects operated over and above group members' perceptions of being liked by others. The practical and broader social implications of equality‐based respect are discussed.
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(2011): Agent-based modeling of consumer decision making process based on power distance and personality. In: KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS 24 (7), S. 1075-1095. DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2011.05.001
Abstract: Simulating consumer decision making processes involves different disciplines such as: sociology, social psychology, marketing, and computer science. In this paper, we propose an agent-based conceptual and computational model of consumer decision-making based on culture, personality and human needs. It serves as a model for individual behavior in models that investigate system-level resulting behavior. Theoretical concepts operationalized in the model are the Power Distance dimension of Hofstede’s model of national culture; Extroversion, Agreeableness and Openness of Costa and McCrae’s five-factor model of personality, and social status and social responsibility needs. These factors are used to formulate the utility function, process and update the agent state, need recognition and action estimation modules of the consumer decision process. The model was validated against data on culture, personality, wealth and car purchasing from eleven European countries. It produces believable results for the differences of consumer purchasing across eleven European countries.
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(2011) : Stranger to you and Stranger to Myself? Theorizing Self-Estrangement In: Dahms, Harry F.: The diversity of social theories: Bingley [u.a.]: Emerald (Current Perspectives in Social Theory), S. 147-168
Abstract: As a major concept in sociological theory, estrangement can be understood through a diversity of theoretical lenses. However, there is a tendency among sociologists to identify the idea of estrangement with a version of alienation. In this chapter, I counter this tendency to reduce estrangement to one of its conceptual possibilities. To provide a theoretical analysis of estrangement, I first examine the classical views of the issue. I argue that classical theories - both critical and interpretive fail to theorize sufficiently self-estrangement, a dimension of the concept that remains underexplored. Thus, I move beyond classical sociology to reconstruct the idea of self-estrangement, drawing on more recent interpretive and critical theories, especially theories of social interaction and the self. Specifically, I discuss several interactional forms of self-estrangement, and the connection between self-estrangement, institutional contexts, emotions and the body. Finally, I consider this concept in the context of civil society. This discussion demonstrates the merits of a focus on self-estrangement applied to the study of political exclusion.
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(2011): Managing confrontational situations. Japanese male superiors’ interactional styles in directive discourse in the workplace. In: Journal of Pragmatics 43 (6), S. 1689-1706. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.11.008
Abstract: Much of the previous research on directive usage of Japanese individuals in leadership positions at work largely suggests gender differences in language use that are closely related to gender stereotypes. Conversely, Western scholarship on this topic maintains that regardless of gender, superiors in an institutional hierarchy draw on both normatively masculine and feminine interactional styles. This study will further explore this topic, and will contribute to the development of Japanese language and gender scholarship, by focusing on Japanese male superiors' interactional styles in confrontational situations in directive discourse. Contrary to the outcomes of previous research on Japanese directive use in workplaces, this study reveals that male superiors adopt linguistic resources that are associated with both stereotypical masculine and feminine interactional styles and strategically manipulate them so as to persuade subordinates to achieve institutional objectives, as well as to maintain good workplace relationships. Hence, this study, confirming claims made in Western research on language and gender, suggests that (1) myriad contextual parameters powerfully influence the speaker's choice of language in a given context; the gender of the speaker is not the only component that determines linguistic practices; and therefore, (2) actual practices do not necessarily or exclusively conform to gender stereotypes.
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(2011): Etiquette and effort. Holding doors for others. In: Psychological science 22 (5), S. 584-588. DOI: 10.1177/0956797611406444
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21515739 Abstract: Psychol Sci 2011.22:584-588 PMID: 21515739 Accession: 2011-09890-004
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(2011): Worlds, Fields and Networks. Becker, Bourdieu and the Structures of Social Relations. In: Cultural Sociology 5 (1), S. 99-119. DOI: 10.1177/1749975510389726
Abstract: This paper reflects upon Bourdieu's concept of cultural fields, Becker's concept of 'art worlds' and the concept of networks as developed in social network analysis. We challenge the distinction that Bourdieu makes between the objective 'relations' and 'positions' constitutive of 'social space' and visible social relationships. In contrast, we maintain that interaction is generative of social spaces and positions and should be integral to any account of them. Becker's position is better from this perspective, but while Becker refers repeatedly to social networks, he fails to develop the concept or exploit its potential as a means of exploring social structures. Both Becker and Bourdieu have an underdeveloped conception of social connection which weakens their respective conceptions of the space of cultural production. Our proposed remedy is to use social network analysis to derive 'positions' and 'relations' between 'positions', as prioritized by Bourdieu, from data on concrete interactions and relations. This allows 'world' analysis to speak to the issues of field analysis without sacrificing its strengths. We illustrate our case by way of an analysis of two UK music scenes from the late 1970s.
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(2011): The impact of discrepancies from ingroup norms on group members' well-being and motivation. In: European Journal of Social Psychology 41 (7), S. 886-897. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.833
Abstract: The social identity approach assumes that group members are internally motivated to adhere to group norms. Even though there is plenty of evidence for this assumption, research on how group norms translate into behavior is scarce. If ingroup norms are internalized, they should elicit the same effect as individual standards. Derived from research on internally motivated individual standards, it was predicted that discrepancies from group norms result in more negative affect, lower levels of well-being, and - based on self-completion theory - in compensatory effort in case of an opportunity to reduce the discrepancy. One correlational study and four experiments support these predictions. The results are discussed in relation to self-regulation approaches and the social identity approach.
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(2011): No problem, you're welcome, anytime. Responding to thanks in Ireland England and the USA., S. 101-140
Abstract: [-]
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(2011): Vom Experiment zur Praxis. Wie moralische Argumente wirtschaftliche Selbstinteressen beeinflussen. In: KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 63 (1), S. 61-81. DOI: 10.1007/s11577-011-0129-2
Abstract: Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie moralische Argumente wirtschaftlich selbstinteressiertes Handeln beeinflussen. Laborexperimente von Verhaltensökonomen untersuchen dies, doch ihre zentralen Ergebnisse wurden noch nicht in der Praxis getestet. Ein Forschungsprojekt rekonstruierte anhand von Fallstudien, wie moralische Argumente in Diskussionen um Produktionsverlagerung wirtschaftliche Selbstinteressen beeinflussen. Es zeigt sich, dass moralisches Verhalten, welches im Diktator-, Ultimatum- und Kollektivgutspiel nachgewiesen wird, auch reales wirtschaftliches Handeln beeinflusst. Menschen verzichten auf die Maximierung ihres materiellen Nutzens, um moralischen Verhaltensregeln zu entsprechen. Die Ergebnisse verhaltensökonomischer Experimente, aber auch die Rekonstruktion wirtschaftlichen Handelns, verweisen somit auf ein Akteursmodell, das Gegenseitigkeit und auch gesellschaftliche Rolle beachtet und dadurch wirtschaftliches Handeln in vielen Situationen präziser erklärt als bisher vorherrschende Modelle. Dieses Modell wiederum in Laborexperimenten zu testen, wird aufgrund der Ergebnisse dieses Artikels nahegelegt. (Autorenreferat) zitiert von: 14
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(2011): Wer A sagt, muss auch B sagen. In: Soziale Welt 62 (4), S. 333-349. DOI: 10.5771/0038-6073-2011-4-333
DOI: http://www.soziale-welt.nomos.de/fileadmin/soziale-welt/doc/Aufsatz Abstract: Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich Menschen moralisch verhalten, weil sie sich moralisch verhalten wollen oder weil sie dazu gezwungen werden. Diese Frage ist nicht zu beantworten, da die wahren Motive von Menschen wissenschaftlicher Analyse nicht zugänglich sind. Deswegen wird vor dem Hintergrund heuristischer Fallstudien der Mechanismus "argumentativen Zwangs", welcher dieses Problem umgeht, herausgearbeitet. Demnach rechtfertigen Akteure im Unternehmensmanagement ihr Handeln mit gesellschaftlich akzeptierten Werten und Interessen, anfangs möglicherweise nur pro forma, um gesellschaftlichen Ansprüchen entgegenzukommen. Doch diese Legitimationen entwickeln eine Eigendynamik. Denn anfangs möglicherweise nur taktisch gemachte Versprechungen, die das eigene Handeln gegen gesellschaftliche Kritik immunisieren sollen, können genutzt werden, um Akteure später darauf festzunageln, insofern diese ihren vorherigen Versprechungen öffentlich nicht mehr widersprechen können. Eine erste Fallstudie illustriert diese Beeinflussung durch moralische Argumente. Eine zweite Fallstudie zeigt, dass es Kosten verursacht, sich nicht mit moralischen Argumenten zu rechtfertigen, da somit indirekter argumentativer Zwang entsteht. Der hier entwickelte Mechanismus argumentativen Zwangs zeigt, wie Gewerkschaften und Betriebsräte Unternehmen beeinflussen können, über die sie formell kaum Macht haben. (Autorenreferat)
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Schutz, Alfred; Embree, Lester E. (Hg.) (2011): Phenomenology and the social sciences. Dordrecht: Springer (Phaenomenologica)
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(2011): Die Konstruktion der gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit. Zur Ontologie sozialer Tatsachen. 1. Aufl.. Berlin: SuhrkampKeywords: Analytische Philosophie, Disziplin, Favoriten, Institution, Institution Soziologie, Konventionen, Modelle/Theorien, Normen, Ontologie, Philosophie, -Q--OBV, Soziale Angemessenheit, Soziale Normen, Sozialer Tatbestand, Spielregeltheoretische Ansätze, Spielregeltheoretische Anstätze, Sprachphilosophie
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(2011): Die technische Einstellung. In: Erich Hörl ( Ed . ) . Die technologische Bedingung . Beiträge zur Beschreibung der technischen Welt, S. 73-92Keywords: Technikphilosophie
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(2011) : A survey of social gaze: 2011 6th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): 2011 6th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): New York, NY, US: Association for Computing Machinery, S. 253-254
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1957656.1957757 Abstract: Based on a synthesis of eight major studies using six robots involving social gaze in robotics, this research proposes a novel behavioral definition as a mapping G = E(C) from the perception of a social context C to a set of head, eye, and body patterns called gaze acts G that expresses the engagement E. This definition places social gaze within the behavior-based programming framework for robots and agents, providing a guide for principled future implementations. The research also identifies five social contexts, or functions, of social gaze (Establishing agency, Communicating social attention, Regulating the interaction process, Manifesting interaction content and Projecting mental state) along with six discrete gaze acts for social gaze functions (Fixation, Short glance, Aversion, Concurrence, Confusion, and Scan) that have been employed by various robots or in simulation for these contexts. The research contributes to a computational understanding of social gaze that bridges psychological, cognitive, and robotics communities.
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Staff, IEEE (2011): 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2011). San Francisco, CA, 9/25/2011 - 9/30/2011. IEEE Staff. [Place of publication not identified]: IEEE
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(2011): Organizational Norm Congruency and Interpersonal Familiarity in E-Mail. Examining Messages From Two Different Status Perspectives. In: Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 16 (2), S. 228-249. DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01537.x
Abstract: Relying on SIDE theory, this 2 x 2 experimental design tested the effects of adherence to organizational norms and interpersonal familiarity in e-mail messages from both superior and subordinate perspectives. Results reveal that using norm-congruent e-mail messages account for over 50% of the variance in both superior and subordinate attitudes toward the message and between 30% and 56% of the variance in perceptions of source credibility. Data from the superiors indicate that norm congruent e-mail messages account for 14.4% of the variance in message compliance. Results from subordinates reveal an interaction effect that is consistent with SIDE-based predictions. Subordinates believe superiors are most likely to comply with e-mail requests from unfamiliar subordinates that are crafted in a manner congruent with organizational norms.
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(2011) : Was ist und was will "Kulturpsychologie" heute? In: Dreyer, Wilfried; Hößler, Ulrich (Hg.): Perspektiven interkultureller Kompetenz: Mit 11 Tabellen: Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, S. 21-38
Abstract: Der Kulturbegriff im allgemeinen sowie das Konzept der Kulturpsychologie werden erläutert sowie deren Bedeutung für die Psychologie und Gesellschaft hinterfragt. Zu Beginn wird die historische Entwicklung des allgemeinen Psychologieverständnisses bis hin zur Kulturpsychologie, welche besonders von J. Bruner geprägt wurde, umrissen. Kulturpsychologie ist nach Bruner eine interpretative Psychologie, welche Regeln festzustellen versucht, nach denen Menschen in kulturellen Kontexten Bedeutungen erzeugen. Ernst Boesch beeinflusste den Kulturbegriff durch seinen Ansatz, dass Handlung und Kultur ineinander verwoben sind. Es wird darauf verwiesen, dass man zuerst handlungsrelevante transindividuelle Zeichen-, Wissens- und Orientierungssysteme kennen muss, um kulturelle Praktiken und Handlungen sowie psychosoziale Phänomene (Gedanken, Gefühle) angemessen beschreiben, verstehen und erklären zu können. Die Kultur gibt den ihr zugehörigen Menschen kollektive Ziele vor, die Handelnde unter Zuhilfenahme geeigneter Mittel verfolgen können und teilweise auch sollten. Jede Kultur hat spezifische Handlungsregeln (sprachliche Regeln, Normen und Werte) sowie ein Reservoir an Geschichten, durch die die Identität, das Selbst- und Weltverständnis eines Individuums gebildet und artikuliert werden. Einzelne Beispiele der Methodenlehre innerhalb der Kulturpsychologie werden aufgeführt. Interkulturelle Kompetenz soll kulturelle Differenzen, welche möglicherweise Missverständnisse sowie kognitive und emotionale Überforderungen bergen, verdeutlichen, um ein verständnisvolles, rücksichtsvolles miteinander mit Toleranz und echter Achtung zu fördern. Die Optimierung, Normierung und Kompetenzsteigerung sollte jedoch auch kritisch reflektiert werden, ebenso wie mögliche Anpassungs- und Unterwerfungsprozesse, der vermeintlich autonomen Person. Es wird betont, dass die Kulturpsychologie sich selber hinterfragen und darauf achten soll, nicht Mittel zum Zweck einer Machtgewinnung zu werden.
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(2011): The ghosts in the computer. The role of agency and animacy attributions in "ghost controls". In: PLoS one 6 (11). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026429
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073165 Abstract: Three studies evaluated the role of 4-year-old children's agency- and animacy-attributions when learning from a computerized ghost control (GC). In GCs, participants observe events occurring without an apparent agent, as if executed by a "ghost" or unobserved causal forces. Using a touch-screen, children in Experiment 1 responded to three pictures in a specific order under three learning conditions: (i) trial-and-error (Baseline), (ii) imitation and (iii) Ghost Control. Before testing in the GC, children were read one of three scripts that determined agency attributions. Post-test assessments confirmed that all children attributed agency to the computer and learned in all GCs. In Experiment 2, children were not trained on the computer prior to testing, and no scripts were used. Three different GCs, varying in number of agency cues, were used. Children failed to learn in these GCs, yet attributed agency and animacy to the computer. Experiment 3 evaluated whether children could learn from a human model in the absence of training under conditions where the information presented by the model and the computer was either consistent or inconsistent. Children evidenced learning in both of these conditions. Overall, learning in social conditions (Exp. 3) was significantly better than learning in GCs (Exp. 2). These results, together with other published research, suggest that children privilege social over non-social sources of information and are generally more adept at learning novel tasks from a human than from a computer or GC.
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(2011) : Geschützte Werte, Emotionen und moralische Entscheidungen In: Aerni, Philipp: Moral und Angst: Erkenntnisse aus Moralpsychologie und politischer Theologie: Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, S. 117-129
Abstract: Der (psychologische) Wissensstand zu "geschützten Werten", also zu Dingen und Werten, denen gegenüber sich Menschen verpflichtet fühlen, die sie nicht opfern wollen und wofür sie sich einsetzen, selbst wenn die Kosten hoch sind, wird zusammengefasst. Nach einleitenden Hinweisen zu Definition und Relevanz solcher Werte werden folgende Aspekte thematisiert: geschützte Werte und Emotionen; geschützte Werte und moralische Pflichten; geschützte Werte und situationale Einflüsse. Es wird betont, dass geschützte Werte in vielen gesellschaftlich relevanten Bereichen involviert und eine bedeutsame Quelle von Konflikten sind, dass empirische Ergebnisse zu geschützten Werten herkömmlichen Modellen und Positionen widersprechen, wonach alle Werte handelbar und für Kosten-Nutzen-Abwägungen offen sind, dass dort, wo solche Werte im Spiel sind, die Anwendung marktwirtschaftlicher Prinzipien und die Ökonomisierung gesellschaftlicher Lebensbereiche an Grenzen stoßen, dass, sind geschützte Werte involviert, deontologische Gesichtspunkte eine zunehmende Rolle spielen und Entscheidungsalternativen weniger aufgrund der Konsequenzen als vielmehr aufgrund von Prinzipien, was richtig oder falsch ist, bewertet werden, dass geschützte Werte zudem häufig mit starken Emotionen einhergehen, dass die Positionen gegenüber solchen Werten vehement verteidigt werden und dass Personen mit geschützten Werten resistenter gegenüber situativen Manipulationen sind. Abschließend wird kurz der Frage nachgegangen, wie geschützte Werte und deren Auswirkungen auf Entscheidungen und Handeln zu bewerten sind.
Keywords: Gesellschaft, Werte -
(2011): From Politeness1 to Politeness2. Tracking norms of im/politeness across time and space. In: Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 7 (2). DOI: 10.1515/jplr.2011.009
Abstract: Increasing attention to the distinction between first- and second-order im/politeness has led to considerable soul-searching among theorists regarding which of the two should form the basis of a theory of im/politeness. In this article, I take an alternative path: I build on norms of Politeness1, as attested in influential texts laying out Politeness1 norms in different parts of the world from antiquity to this day, to extract from them the core elements of a theory of Politeness2. By affording us with some glimpses into the diachronic intertwining of Politeness1 and Politeness2, this analysis helps explain why it has been so difficult to keep these two notions apart in previous research. At the same time, it suggests some possible ways forward. Specifically, this survey reveals two overarching themes regarding the role of politeness (and, by implication, impoliteness) in these cultures. The first concerns the social regulatory role of Politeness1 norms, while the second concerns the relationship of Politeness1 norms with an underlying morality. I propose that these two elements should be placed at the heart of an empirically grounded theory of Politeness2.
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(2011) : Anstand mit Kant In: Metelmann, Jörg; Beyes, Timon (Hg.): Anstand: Berlin: Berlin University Press, S. 99-120
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(2011) : Das Kulturstandardkonzept In: Dreyer, Wilfried; Hößler, Ulrich (Hg.): Perspektiven interkultureller Kompetenz: Beiträge und Erkenntnisse eines Symposiums, das die Hochschule Regensburg zu Ehren des 70. Geburtstags von Prof. Dr. Alexander Thomas im November 2009 veranstaltete: Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, S. 97-124
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(2011): Integration of Speech and Action in Humanoid Robots: iCub Simulation Experiments. In: IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development 3 (1), S. 17-29. DOI: 10.1109/TAMD.2010.2100390
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TAMD.2010.2100390 Abstract: Building intelligent systems with human level competence is the ultimate grand challenge for science and technology in general, and especially for cognitive developmental robotics. This paper proposes a new approach to the design of cognitive skills in a robot able to interact with, and communicate about, the surrounding physical world and manipulate objects in an adaptive manner. The work is based on robotic simulation experiments showing that a humanoid robot (iCub platform) is able to acquire behavioral, cognitive, and linguistic skills through individual and social learning. The robot is able to learn to handle and manipulate objects autonomously, to understand basic instructions, and to adapt its abilities to changes in internal and environmental conditions.