Alle Publikationen
1996
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(1996): Kritik der Lebenswelt. Eine soziologische Auseinandersetzung mit Edmund Husserl und Alfred Schütz. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
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(1996): Victim characteristics influencing attributions of responsibility to rape victims. A meta-analysis. In: Aggression and Violent Behavior 1 (2), S. 81-95. DOI: 10.1016/1359-1789(95)00011-9
Abstract: Past research investigating victim blame has shown that there is a tendency for people to hold female victims of rape partly responsible for the attack. The vast majority of the studies have involved college undergraduates reading fictitious vignettes and then rating the victim's responsibility. The purpose of the present study was to use meta-analysis to determine the degree of responsibility third party observers assign to a female rape victim, and to determine which additional variables moderate the tendency to blame the victim. Specifically, the victim's clothing revealingness, character; physical am-activeness, and acquaintance with her attacker were analyzed Results showed that the victim's clothing revealingness and character significantly affect the tendency to blame the victim Implications for future research investigating victim blame and theories of victim blame are discussed.
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(1996): Confusion, social knowledge and the design of intelligent machines. In: Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 8 (3-4), S. 365-381. DOI: 10.1080/095281396147375
Abstract: This paper explores the notion of confusion as it applies to the design of intelligent machines and suggests that it arises from the social nature of knowledge. It provides a framework for analysing the causes of confusion and shows how confusion normally reveals itself after the cause of the confusion has occurred. This places practical limitations on how intelligent machines can react to confusion when it is noticed. The paper also describes a prototype system that aims to minimize the effects of confusion by allowing the users to explore the design rationale of the system.
Keywords: Design, Verwirrung -
(1996): Kultur. Zur Reformulierung eines sozialanthropologischen Grundbegriffs. In: KOLNER ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SOZIOLOGIE UND SOZIALPSYCHOLOGIE 48 (3), S. 401-425
Abstract: Sowohl in den Sozialwissenschaften als auch in der breiteren Offentlichkeit erlebte der traditionelle ethnologische Kulturbegriff im letzten Jahrzehnt eine Renaissance. In der fachinternen Diskussion dagegen wurde seit den funfziger Jahren Abstand von einem holistischen und essentialisierenden Kulturverstandnis genommen, weil unter diesen Vorzeichen die Probleme der intrakulturellen Variation, der Machtgebundenheit des Kulturellen, des kulturellen Wandels sowie der Konzeptualisierung individuellen Handelns als unlosbar erschienen. Es wird ein Begriff von Kultur als eines instabilen, offenen Prozesses des Aushandelns von Bedeutungen entwickelt, der bei einer Konsensfindung zur Stabilisierung der Bedeutungshorizonte und zu entsprechenden Prozessen sozialer Schliessung fuhrt. Ausserdem wird zu zeigen versucht, inwiefern sich mit dieser Reformulierung die Schwierigkeiten des klassischen Kulturbegriffs uberwinden lassen. Abschliessend werden die Implikationen diskutiert, welche ein konfliktorientierter Kulturbegriff fur die Stellung der Ethnologie in der politischen Offentlichkeit sowie im Feld wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen hat. zitiert von 250
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(1996): Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus. In: Neurocase 2 (4). DOI: 10.1093/neucas/2.4.259-aw
1995
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1995 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Intelligent Systems for the 21st Century (1995). 1995 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Intelligent Systems for the 21st Century. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: IEEE
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(1995): Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Das Problem der nationalen Varietäten. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter. Online verfügbar unter http://www.degruyter.com/doi/book/10.1515/9783110872170
DOI: http://www.degruyter.com/doi/book/10.1515/9783110872170 Abstract: Review text: "Ammons Methodik ist vielseitig und vorbildlich. Er referiert und diskutiert ausführlich die Forschungsliteratur, einschließlich unveröffentlichter Texte und seine mündlichen und brieflichen Recherchen, die er bei Fachleuten und Institutionen angestellt hat, alle jeweils mit ausführlichen Herkunfts- und Bibliographieangaben. Er benutzt und experimentiert mit unterschiedlichen (auch provozierenden) Texten und Materialien, die er in jeder Hinsicht fair untersucht und diskutiert. Darüber hinaus wertet er statistisch Fragebögen einer eigenen Umfrage aus, die er in allen drei Ländern durchgeführt hat und die sehr aufschlußreich ist. [...] Das Buch ist in jeder Hinsicht empfehlenswert. Ich bin sicher, dass es als Nachschlagewerk und Textbuch für Studenten und Forscher in der Zukunft unentbehrlich sein wird. Außerdem muß betont werden, daß das Buch wegen seiner unschätzbaren Fülle an Informationen gerade auch für die Auslandsgermanistik besonders wichtig ist."Helga Bister-Broosen in: American Journal of Germanistic Linguistics & Literatures 9.1, 1997. "Dem Autor, Professor für Germanistik an der Universität Duisburg, ist mit dem Buch ein großer Wurf gelungen."Maria Hornung in: Österreichische Geschichte und Literatur 1/1998. "Man kann vorwegnehmend feststellen, dass der Autor eine immense Forschungsleistung erbracht hat: Eine Fülle von Literatur ist verarbeitet, auch solche, deren sprachwissenschaftlicher Nutzen nicht von vornherein klar zu sein scheint, dazu kommen auch empirische Erhebungen unterschiedlicher Art; nicht zu vergessen die zahlreichen theoretischen Erörterungen, die uns eine konsistente Terminologie liefern, mit der man sicherlich gut weiterarbeiten und -diskutieren kann. Das alles macht aus U. Ammons Buch ein Handbuch für eine ganze Reihe soziolinguistischer und möglicherweise auch sprachpolitischer Fragen."Norbert Richard Wolf in: Beiträge zur Namensforschung, 1/1998 "Mit seinem Buch, seinem 'Handbuch', möchte man fast sagen, hat Ammon eine Forschungslücke gefüllt, die weiterer Forschung in diesem Sektor als solide Grundlage und inspirierende Anregung dienen kann."Ernest W.B. Hess Lüttich in: Kodikas/Kode 4/1996
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(1995): Drawing and the Blind. Pictures to Touch. In: Journal of Aesthetic Education 29 (1). DOI: 10.2307/3333527
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(1995): Zeremoniell als höfische Ästhetik in Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit. Tübingen: NiemeyerKeywords: Kulturelle/soziale Rituale
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Buchholz, Michael B. (1995): Psychotherapeutische Interaktion. Qualitative Studien zu Konversation und Metapher, Geste und Plan. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
Keywords: social sciences -
(1995) : Cross-cultural and intercultural applications of expectancy violations theory In: Wiseman, Richard L.: Intercultural communication theory: Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.]: Sage Publ (International and intercultural communication annual), S. 327-348
Abstract: [suggests] that all cultures have communication expectancies / every culture has guidelines for human conduct that carry associated anticipations for how others will behave / the question for communication scholars is whether greater understanding of human relations within and between cultures can be achieved by examining the effects of people's adherence to and deviations from those expectations / one theory that answers the question in the affirmative is expectancy violations theory [EVT] objectives . . . are (a) to articulate some of the key principles of EVT and (b) to consider their universality in predicting and explaining interpersonal interactions within and between disparate cultures / confine the current analysis to 4 other communication functions: relational communication, conversational management, impression management, and social influence (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(1995): Effects of Preinteraction Expectancies and Target Communication on Perceiver Reciprocity and Compensation in Dyadic Interaction. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 31 (4), S. 287-321. DOI: 10.1006/jesp.1995.1014
Abstract: The current investigation examined the influence of expectancies and target communication on perceiver behavior during social interaction. Two common adaptation patterns in interpersonal interaction are reciprocity and compensation, both of which may occur in response to another′s interaction behavior or in anticipation of it. Expectancy signaling literature predicts that perceivers should initially reciprocate the behaviors they expect from a target. Strategic communication models predict that perceivers induced to hold preinteraction expectancies will reciprocate expected pleasant behavior but compensate for anticipated unpleasant behavior. Interaction adaptation theories hold that perceivers will adapt their behavior to the target′s actual (rather than expected) communication, reciprocating desired behavior as a way of reinforcing it and compensating undesired behavior as a way of modeling the preferred pattern. Expectancy violations theory holds that the choice of interaction pattern will also be moderated by the rewardingness of the target. An experiment crossed positive and negative preinteraction expectancies with greatly increased pleasantness (a positive violation) or decreased pleasantness (a negative violation) by target confederates. Overall, results conformed most closely to the interpersonal adaption theory explanation, with some influence also due to target valence and violation status. Perceivers interacting with pleasant targets reciprocated increased pleasantness initially and over time. Those interacting with unpleasant targets (a) matched the target in adopting a lower level of pleasantness/involvement on average, (b) showed modest compensation or nonadaptation on channel-specific measures but reciprocity on global ones over time, and (c) showed the most compensation when the unpleasant behavior followed a positive expectancy. Preinteraction expectancies yielded modest effects but did intensify or attenuate results relative to their absence, a conclusion corroborated by intraclass correlation analyses.
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(1995): Anomalies. Ultimatums, Dictators and Manners. In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (2), S. 209-219. DOI: 10.1257/jep.9.2.209
Abstract: Economics can be distinguished from other social sciences by the belief that most (all?) behavior can be explained by assuming that agents have stable, well-defined preferences and make rational choices consistent with those preferences in markets that (eventually) clear. An empirical result qualifies as an anomaly if it is difficult to "rationalize" or if implausible assumptions are necessary to explain it within the paradigm. This column will resume, after a long rest, the investigation of such anomalies.
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(1995): Facing Up to the Problems of Consciouness. In: Journal of Consciousness Studies 2 (3), S. 200-219
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(1995): Emotion as a natural kind. Towards a computational foundation for emotion theory. In: Philosophical Psychology 8 (1), S. 59-84. DOI: 10.1080/09515089508573145
Abstract: In this paper I link two hitherto disconnected sets of results in the philosophy of emotions and explore their implications for the computational theory of mind. The argument of the paper is that, for just the same reasons that some computationalists have thought that cognition may be a natural kind, so the same can plausibly be argued of emotion. The core of the argument is that emotions are a representation‐governed phenomenon and that the explanation of how they figure in behaviour must as such be undertaken in those terms. I conclude with some interdisciplinary reflections in defence of the hypothesis that emotions might be more fundamental in the organization of behaviour than cognition; that, in effect, we may be emoters before we are cognizers. The aim of the paper is: (1) to introduce a number of promising results in philosophical and empirical emotion theory to a wider audience; and (2) to begin the task of organizing those results into a computational theoretical framework.
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(1995): Getting to know each other—Artificial social intelligence for autonomous robots. In: Robotics and Autonomous Systems 16 (2), S. 333-356. DOI: 10.1016/0921-8890(95)00054-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(95)00054-2 Abstract: This paper proposes a research direction to study the development of ‘artificial social intelligence’ of autonomous robots which should result in ‘individualized robot societies’. The approach is highly inspired by the ‘social intelligence hypothesis’, derived from the investigation of primate societies, suggesting that primate intelligence originally evolved to solve social problems and was only later extended to problems outside the social domain. We suggest that it might be a general principle in the evolution of intelligence, applicable to both natural and artificial systems. Arguments are presented why the investigation of social intelligence for artifacts is not only an interesting research issue for the study of biological principles, but may be a necessary prerequisite for those scenarios in which autonomous robots are integrated into human societies, interacting and communicating both with humans and with each other. As a starting point to study experimentally the development of robots' ‘social relationships’, the investigation of collection and use of body images by means of imitation is proposed. A specific experimental setup which we use to test the theoretical considerations is described. The paper outlines in what kind of applications and for what kind of robot group structures social intelligence might be advantageous.
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(1995): Muting the Meaning A Social Function of Irony. In: Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10 (1), S. 3-19. DOI: 10.1207/s15327868ms1001_2
Abstract: According to the tinge hypothesis, the evaluative tone of the literal meaning of ironic utterances automatically colors the hearer's perception of the intended meaning. In Experiment 1, participants read short stories that end with either a literal or an ironic insult. Ironic insults are rated as less critical than literal insults, and the ironic speaker is rated as less annoyed than the literal speaker. In addition, the speaker-target relationship is affected less negatively when the insult is delivered ironically rather than literally. These results are obtained regardless of whether the addressee or a third person is the target of the remark and regardless of whether the story characters know one another or have just met. In Experiment 2, participants read similar short stories that end with either a literal or ironic compliment. Results mirror those of Experiment 1. Ironic compliments are rated as less praising than literal compliments, and the ironic speaker is rated as less pleased than the literal speaker. The speaker-target relationship is affected less positively when the compliment is ironic than when it is literal. As in Experiment 1, these results are obtained regardless of addressee or familiarity of the story characters. The results from these two experiments support the tinge hypothesis by demonstrating that irony mutes the criticism or praise conveyed by literal language.
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Ford, Kenneth M.; Glymour, Clark N.; Hayes, Patrick J. (Hg.) (1995): Android epistemology. Menlo Park, CA; Cambridge, MA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence
Keywords: Moral & Ethik -
(1995): Soziale Kontrolle ohne Kontrolleure? Veränderungstendenzen der Formen und des Konzepts sozialer Kontrolle. In: Soziale Probleme 6 (1), S. 3-23. Online verfügbar unter https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/document/24741/1/ssoar-soziprobleme-1995-1-franz-soziale_kontrolle_ohne_kontrolleure.pdf
Abstract: 'Nachdem das Konzept der sozialen Kontrolle lange Zeit im Rahmen der Soziologie abweichenden Verhaltens eine wichtige Rolle gespielt hat, erlangt es in Zusammenhang mit der Diskussion gesellschaftlicher Individualisierungsprozesse neue Aktualität für allgemeine soziologische Theorien. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der 'Karriere' des Konzeptes der sozialen Kontrolle untersuchen wir den postulierten Formenwandel sozialer Kontrollmodi im Zuge der Individualisierungsprozesse und die Frage, ob sich durch einen etwaigen Trend von Fremd- zur Selbstkontrolle Kontrollinstanzen immer mehr verflüchtigen und Prozesse sozialer Kontrolle neue Gestalt annehmen. Verschiedene Varianten der Individualisierungstheorie werden unter diesem Gesichtspunkt verglichen und die Frage nach den sich daraus ergebenden Trends sozialer Kontrolle gestellt.' (Autorenreferat) zitiert von 12
Keywords: Allgemeine Soziologie, Anthropologie, Basic Research, Entwicklung und Geschichte der Soziologie, General Concepts and History of Sociology, General Sociology, Grundlagenforschung, Individualisierung, individualization, Makrosoziologie, Selbstkontrolle, Self-control, social control, Sociological Theories, Sociology & anthropology, Soziale Kontrolle, Soziologie, spezielle Theorien und Schulen, Theoriebildung, theory formation, Verhaltensforschung -
(1995) : Towards the ethical robot In: Ford, Kenneth M.; Glymour, Clark N.; Hayes, Patrick J. (Hg.): Android epistemology: Menlo Park, CA; Cambridge, MA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence, S. 243-252
Abstract: reviews the basic approaches to ethical theory common in philosophy and asks the salient question ’how could ethical systems of various sorts be made computable’ (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(1995): Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. In: The Leadership Quarterly 6 (2), S. 219-247. DOI: 10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
DOI: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1048984395900365 Abstract: Research into Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory has been gaining momentum in recent years, with a multitude of studies investigating many aspects of LMX in organizations. Theoretical development in this area also has undergone many refinements, and the current theory is far different from the early Vertical Dyad Linkage (VDL) work. This article uses a levels perspective to trace the development of LMX through four evolutionary stages of theorizing and investigation up to the present. The article also uses a domains perspective to develop a new taxonomy of approaches to leadership, and LMX is discussed within this taxonomy as a relationship-based approach to leadership. Common questions and issues concerning LMX are addressed, and directions for future research are provided.
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(1995): The power of sex. Some reflections on the Caldwells’ ’African sexuality’ thesis. In: AFRICA 65 (4), S. 489-505
Abstract: This article consists of a series of reflections about the nature of sexuality in East Africa framed in response to the theories put forward by J. C. Caldwell and his collaborators. It argues that their views fail to grasp the way sexual restraints and restrictions form the basis of the moral order in East African societies. Their model of a distinctively African sexual system overemphasises descent in a way that systematically underplays the importance of marriage and reduces ancestor cults to exclusive concern with lineage, reproduction and continuity. By contrast, it is argued with reference to the Gisu of Uganda, ancestral beliefs in their general form are associated with the overall templates for correct social living and these hinge not on lineality but on sexuality and its control. In this light, most East African cultures can be labelled ‘respect cultures’, in that they see their social orders as rooted in respect, respect which implies deference, attention to proper decorum and above all self-restraint. The rules problematise sexuality. The article then turns to the sacred power attributed to coitus itself. This is addressed by looking at the metaphor of the mingling of bloods, widely used of sexual intercourse in East Africa. In the last section of the article attention is paid to the contrast between consanguinity and alliance and the idea that the union of man and woman serves as the prototype of contractual relationships.
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(1995): Macht und Moral. In: Ethik und Sozialwissenschaften 6 (3), S. 379-387
Abstract: Im Rahmen einer Analyse des Verhältnisses von Macht und Moral wird gezeigt, dass die moralische Bewertung von Machtphänomenen und die machttheoretische bzw. ideologiekritische Analyse moralischer Diskurse, die schwerpunktmäßig in der Antike bzw. in der Moderne entwickelt wurden, logisch miteinander kompatibel, ja komplementär sind. Zunächst wird der Begriff der Macht definiert, und eine Typologie der Ursachen von Machtkämpfen und der Formen von Macht wird in rein deskriptiven Sätzen skizziert. Schließlich werden diese Formen auf der Grundlage einer universalistischen Ethik moralisch bewertet. Macht bzw. Einfluss erweist sich dabei als unvermeidliches Medium des Sozialen, eine Institution mit Gewaltmonopol, die freilich zu ihrem Funktionieren nicht allein auf negativen Sanktionen gegründet sein kann, als moralisch legitimiert. - Dem Hauptartikel folgen 18 kritische Stellungnahmen (Seiten 388-427) und eine Replik des Autoren (Seiten 427-432).
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(1995): One Story Map Does Not Fit All. A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Children's Written Story Retellings. In: Journal of Narrative and Life History 5 (1), S. 1-19. DOI: 10.1075/jnlh.5.1.01one
Abstract: Narrative is acknowledged to be a primary means by which children develop the voice of their own culture. In recent years, and as a result of the increased interest in story grammar research, retellings have also become a useful tool for assessing children's understanding of stories and teaching comprehension. The assumption across most previous studies is that narrative, especially folktales, provides the same story-schema support, no matter what the culture of the child may be. This cross-cultural study examines the relative effects of literacy and culture on the narrative form of written story retellings. Empirical findings confirm the hypothesis that two disparate populations, otherwise equated for levels of literacy, western-style schooling, and cognitive development, differ significantly in the structural components of their written story retellings. The story grammar of Mandler and Johnson (1977) was evaluated for discriminatory power. Categorizations of specific components of the story grammar showed qualitative differences from culture to culture. Results support culture-specific theories of story schema. (Sociolinguistics, Education)
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(1995): Is there a social module? Language, face processing, and theory of mind in individuals with williams syndrome. In: Journal of cognitive neuroscience 7 (2), S. 196-208. DOI: 10.1162/jocn.1995.7.2.196
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.2.196 Abstract: Abstract Many species can respond to the behavior of their conspecifics. Human children, and perhaps some nonhuman primates, also have the capacity to respond to the mental states of their conspecifics, i.e., they have a "theory of mind." On the basis of previous research on the theory-of-mind impairment in people with autism, together with animal models of intentionality, Brothers and Ring (1992) postulated a broad cognitive module whose function is to build representations of other individuals. We evaluate the details of this hypothesis through a series of experiments on language, face processing, and theory of mind carried out with subjects with Williams syndrome, a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder resulting in an uneven lin-guisticocognitive profile. The results are discussed in terms of how the comparison of different phenotypes (e.g., Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, autism, and hydrocephaly with associated myelomeningocele) can contribute both to understanding the neuropsychology of social cognition and to current thinking about the purported modularity of the brain.