Alle Publikationen
2006
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(2006): Of islands and interactions. In: Journal of Consciousness Studies 13 (5), S. 53-63
Abstract: John Ziman-- the much-missed-- reminds us that 'no man is an island', and takes us to task for working from an individualistic theoretical base. That 'us' includes nearly all social scientists, and most Anglo-American philosophers too. For sure, it includes cognitive scientists, who theorize people in terms of concepts drawn from cybernetics and/or artificial intelligence. (I'll use the term 'computational concepts' broadly, to cover both types.) Indeed, it's a common complaint that cognitive science is overly individualistic.
Keywords: Design -
(2006): Social norms and the likelihood of raping. Perceived rape myth acceptance of others affects men's rape proclivity. In: Personality & social psychology bulletin 32 (3), S. 286-297. DOI: 10.1177/0146167205280912
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16455857 Abstract: Research showing that rape myth acceptance (RMA) causally affects rape proclivity (RP) was extended by examining the impact of RMA-related norms on RP. Male students (total N = 264) received feedback about the alleged responses of other students to RMA items either before (Experiment 1) or after (Experiment 2) they reported their own RMA, and then their RP was assessed using acquaintance-rape scenarios. The level of RMA feedback was varied. Results showed that higher norms led to higher RP. In Experiment 1, this effect was mediated via self-reported RMA. Experiment 2 yielded main effects of both RMA feedback and self-reported RMA and an interaction effect showing that RMA feedback was particularly influential at higher levels of own RMA. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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(2006): Toward a General Logicist Methodology for Engineering Ethically Correct Robots. In: IEEE Intelligent Systems 21 (4), S. 38-44. DOI: 10.1109/MIS.2006.82
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2006.82 Abstract: As intelligent machines assume an increasingly prominent role in our lives, there seems little doubt they eventually be called on to make important, ethically charged decisions. We think formal logic offers a way to preclude doomsday scenarios of malicious robots taking over the world. Faced with the challenge of engineering ethically correct robots, we propose a logic-based approach. We’ve successfully implemented and demonstrated this approach. We present it in a general methodology to answer the ethical questions that arise in entrusting robots with more and more of our welfare. A deontic logic formalizes a moral code, allowing ethicists to render theories and dilemmas in declarative form for analysis. It offers a way for human overseers to constrain robot behavior in ethically sensitive environments
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, deontic logic, ethical aspects, ethical robot engineering, ethical sensitive environment, Ethics, formal logic, Humans, ieee xplore, intelligent machine, intelligent robots, Logic, logic-based approach, logicist methodology, Machine intelligence, medical robotics, Moral & Ethik, Natural languages, Protection, robot behavior, Robot sensing systems, Robots -
Brown, Keith (2006): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. 14-Volume Set. 2nd ed.. Burlington: Elsevier. Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=412424
Abstract: The first edition of ELL (1993, Ron Asher, Editor) was hailed as "the field's standard reference work for a generation". Now the all-new second edition matches ELL's comprehensiveness and high quality, expanded for a new generation, while being the first encyclopedia to really exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics.* The most authoritative, up-to-date, comprehensive, and international reference source in its field* An entirely new work, with new editors, new authors, new topics and newly commissioned articles with a handful of classic articles* The first Encyclopedia to exploit the mu
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(2006): Theory of mind--evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology. In: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 30 (4), S. 437-455. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.08.001
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239031 Abstract: The ability to infer other persons' mental states and emotions has been termed 'theory of mind'. It represents an evolved psychological capacity most highly developed in humans. The evolutionary origins of theory of mind can be traced back in extant non-human primates; theory of mind probably emerged as an adaptive response to increasingly complex primate social interaction. This sophisticated 'metacognitive' ability comes, however, at an evolutionary cost, reflected in a broad spectrum of psychopathological conditions. Extensive research into autistic spectrum disorders has revealed that theory of mind may be selectively impaired, leaving other cognitive faculties intact. Recent studies have shown that observed deficits in theory of mind task performance are part of a broad range of symptoms in schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, some forms of dementia, 'psychopathy' and in other psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the evolutionary psychology of theory of mind including its ontogeny and representation in the central nervous system, and studies of theory of mind in psychopathological conditions.
Keywords: Animals, Biological Evolution, Brain/physiology, Disziplin, Emotions/physiology, Gefühle, Good manners, Humans, Im (wissenschaftlichen) Diskurs, Mensch-Technik-Relationen (MTR), Mental Disorders/etiology, Mental Processes, mental states, Native Theorie, Ontologische Differenzierungen: Tier, Mensch, Maschine, Personal Construct Theory, Postkasten, Psychologie, Psychopathology, Reflexionen über MTR, Social Behavior, Social Mind, theory of mind, (Theory of mind), Tier, Mensch, Maschine, Voraussetzungen für sozial angemessenes Verhalten -
(2006): Ann Elisabeth Auhagen (Hg.): Positive Psychologie. Anleitung zum „besseren “Leben. Weinheim: Beltz, 2004, 223 S., 29, 90€. In: Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching 13 (4)
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(2006): Interactional context and willingness to communicate. A comparison of behavior in whole class, group and dyadic interaction. In: System 34 (4), S. 480-493. DOI: 10.1016/j.system.2006.05.002
Abstract: This article reports on a study that investigated the dual characteristics of willingness to communicate (WTC) in a second language (L2): trait-like WTC and situational WTC. By adopting methods of classroom observation, participant interviews and questionnaires, consistency between L2 learners’ self-report WTC and their actual WTC behavior in an L2 classroom was examined. While trait-like WTC, as measured by a self-report survey, could predict a tendency to communicate, classroom observation of situational WTC and interviews with individual learners revealed actual behavior and the influence of contextual factors on the decision to engage in interaction with fellow students. A number of factors were perceived by learners to influence WTC behavior in class: the group size, familiarity with interlocutor(s), interlocutor(s)’ participation, familiarity with topics under discussion, self-confidence, medium of communication and cultural background. These findings contribute to an understanding of the dynamic nature of WTC in a second language and suggest implications for best practice in language pedagogy. zitiert von 282
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Chappell, Timothy D. J. (2006): Values and virtues. Aristotelianism in contemporary ethics. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press (Mind Association occasional series). Online verfügbar unter http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=216043
Keywords: Aristote, Aristoteles, Aristotle, Ethics, Ancient, Ethics, Modern, Morale, Morale ancienne, Philosophie, Vertus, Virtue, Virtue Ethics -
(2006): Hierarchical schemas and goals in the control of sequential behavior. In: Psychological Review 113 (4). DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.4.887
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17014307 Abstract: Traditional accounts of sequential behavior assume that schemas and goals play a causal role in the control of behavior. In contrast, M. Botvinick and D. C. Plaut argued that, at least in routine behavior, schemas and goals are epiphenomenal. The authors evaluate the Botvinick and Plaut account by contrasting the simple recurrent network model of Botvinick and Plaut with their own more traditional hierarchically structured interactive activation model (R. P. Cooper & T. Shallice, 2000). The authors present a range of arguments and additional simulations that demonstrate theoretical and empirical difficulties for both Botvinick and Plaut's model and their theoretical position. The authors conclude that explicit hierarchically organized and causally efficacious schema and goal representations are required to provide an adequate account of the flexibility of sequential behavior.
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(2006) : Maggie: A Robotic Platform for Human-Robot Social Interaction: 2006 IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics: 2006 IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics: Luoyang, Henan: IEEE, S. 1-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/RAMECH.2006.252754 Abstract: Human-robot social interaction plays an important role in spreading the use of the robot in human daily life. Through effective social interaction, robots will be able to perform many tasks in the human society. These tasks may include, but not limited to, handling various house duties, providing medical care for elderly people, assisting people with motor or cognitive disabilities, educational entertainment (edutainment), personal assistance, giving directions at information points in public places, etc. These applications need to develop social robots that are able to behave with humans as partners if not peers. This paper presents Maggie, a robotic platform developed at RoboticsLab for research on human-robot social interaction. The different developed interaction modules are also described
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(2006): Unfair treatment and revenge taking. The roles of collective identification and feelings of disappointment. In: Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 10 (3), S. 220-232. DOI: 10.1037/1089-2699.10.3.220
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.10.3.220 Abstract: In the present research, we examine how procedural justice predicts acts of revenge as a function of members' sense of collective identification. A first scenario study showed that high identifiers expect their own group to be more fair and just than low identifiers, and if this is not the case, they exhibit higher levels of disappointment. A second scenario study showed that unfair procedures (relative to fair procedures) led to acts of revenge, but mainly so when collective identification was high rather than low. In addition, the level of disappointment that members experienced was found to mediate (at least partly) this interactive effect on revenge. A third laboratory study replicated the interactive finding of Study 2. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 57
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(2006): Identification and Assessment of Intercultural Competence as a Student Outcome of Internationalization. In: Journal of Studies in International Education 10 (3), S. 241-266. DOI: 10.1177/1028315306287002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306287002 Abstract: This study seeks to determine a definition and appropriate assessment methods of inter-cultural competence as agreed on by a panel of internationally known intercultural scholars. This information is validated by a sample of higher education administrators and can be used by administrators in identifying and assessing intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization efforts. Conclusions made from this study include identified elements of intercultural competence and assessment methods on which both the intercultural scholars and administrators agreed, resulting in the first study to document consensus on intercultural competence. Both groups agree that it is possible to assess degrees of intercultural competence and in so doing, that it is best to use a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods to assess intercultural competence, including interviews, observation, and judgment by self and others. Two models of inter-cultural competence are presented based on the findings of the study.
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(2006) : Moral development in early childhood and social interaction in the family: Handbook of moral development: Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, S. 331-350
Abstract: There are powerful arguments for seeing the family as the medium through which children gradually understand and appreciate wider aspects of the culture, moral judgments, and moral sensibility. There is also evidence that family experiences are related to the notable individual differences between children in their moral sensitivity and behavior. In this chapter, we consider family interaction and children's early moral development within the framework of two broad questions. First, does a focus on young children's interactions within their families provide a useful window on the nature of children's moral understanding and sensibility, and its normative development? Second, how are individual differences in children's family experiences related to differences in children's moral development? Before addressing these two broad questions, a comment on the various theoretical approaches to the relations between moral development and children's experiences within their families is in order. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2006) : Playing with Fire: towards virtual prototyping of wearable computing for highly situated contexts of use: 3rd International Forum on Applied Wearable Computing 2006: Bremen, Germany: IEEE, S. 1-10. Online verfügbar unter https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5758276/
Abstract: In this paper we motivate and present our approach to use game-like techniques for designing wearable computing solutions for the Paris Fire Brigade. We explain why designing innovative technologies for skillful, situated and collaborative activities is particularly difficult and why game-like techniques can be particularly helpful for this task. We present the specific difficulties for emergency response and three game-like techniques we are using in a coherent design process with our users.
Keywords: ieee, ieee (VDE VERLAG Conferences) -
(2006): “Social Robotics” und Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 37 (4), S. 219-231. DOI: 10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.219
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.219 Abstract: Zusammenfassung: Aus aktuellen Entwicklungen zur Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (MMI), insbesondere auf dem wachsenden Feld der Social Robotics, entstehen neuartige Perspektiven für die sozialpsychologische Forschung. Da Computer und Roboter sich in besonderem Maße als Objekte einer Anthropomorphisierung eignen, sollten psychologische Zugänge auch in diesem Forschungsfeld hilfreich sein. Ausgehend von Unterscheidungen zwischen verschiedenen Typen dieser Maschinen werden mögliche Beiträge der Sozialpsychologie zur interdisziplinären Forschung und Entwicklung skizziert. Vorliegende Befunde zur sozialen Dimension der MMI werden vorgestellt und diskutiert: das Forschungsprogramm “Computer als soziale Akteure” sowie Ansätze zur Menschenähnlichkeit der Maschine als unabhängiger und abhängiger Variablen. Abschließend schlagen wir spezifische Themen für die zukünftige sozialpsychologische Forschung in drei klassischen Bereichen vor (Urteilsprozesse im Kontext der MMI, “interpersonelle” Prozesse und Intergruppenbeziehungen).
Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz -
(2006): “Social Robotics” und Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 37 (4), S. 219-231. DOI: 10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.219
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.219 Abstract: Aus aktuellen Entwicklungen zur Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (MMI), insbesondere auf dem Feld der Social Robotics, entstehen neuartige Perspektiven für die sozialpsychologische Forschung. Da Computer und Roboter sich in besonderem Maße als Objekte einer Anthropomorphisierung eignen, sollten psychologische Zugänge auch in diesem Forschungsfeld hilfreich sein. Ausgehend von Unterscheidungen zwischen verschiedenen Typen dieser Maschinen werden mögliche Beiträge der Sozialpsychologie zur interdisziplinären Forschung und Entwicklung skizziert. Vorliegende Befunde zur sozialen Dimension der MMI werden vorgestellt und diskutiert, nämlich das Forschungsprogramm "Computer als soziale Akteure" sowie Ansätze zur Menschenähnlichkeit der Maschine als unabhängiger und abhängiger Variablen. Abschließend werden spezifische Themen für die zukünftige sozialpsychologische Forschung in drei klassischen Bereichen (Urteilsprozesse im Kontext der MMI, "interpersonelle" Prozesse, Intergruppenbeziehungen) vorgeschlagen.
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(2006) : Neuronale Grundlagen der Merkmalsorganisation In: Karnath, H.-O.; Thier, P. (Hg.): Neuropsychologie: s.l.: Springer, S. 55-66Keywords: Neurobiologie
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(2006) : Emotionale Intelligenz und interpersonale Fertigkeiten In: Schulze, Ralf; Freund, Alexander; Roberts, Richard D. (Hg.): Emotionale Intelligenz. Ein internationales Handbuch: Göttingen: Hogrefe, S. 291-309
Abstract: Obwohl angenommen wird, dass emotional intelligente Personen auch in sozialen Bereichen sehr versiert sind, ist diese Annahme bisher wenig untersucht worden. Es wird gezeigt, dass emotionsbasierte Fähigkeiten, wie sie in der Konzeption von J. D. Mayer und Mitarbeitern skizziert werden, einen Rahmen für die Erfassung interpersonaler Fertigkeiten darstellen. Die Forschung zur emotionalen Intelligenz (EI) umfasst Versuche, jene emotionalen Prozesse zu beschreiben, die Fertigkeiten zur Förderung von sozialen Interaktionen und Beziehungen zugrunde liegen. Anhand von empirischen Belegen wird dargestellt, dass die mit hoher EI verbundene emotionale Kompetenz Vorteile bei der sozialen Anpassung mit sich bringt. Die Arbeit steht in Übereinstimmung mit zahlreichen aktuellen Arbeiten, die auf der Annahme basieren, dass es emotionale Fertigkeiten mit einem hohen Allgemeinheitsgrad gibt. Insbesondere unterstützt sie die ursprüngliche Idee der leistungsbasierten EI-Messung.
Keywords: ABILITY, Emotional Intelligence, Emotionale Intelligenz, Emotionsforschung, Personality Traits & Processes, Fähigkeit, Group & Interpersonal Processes, Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Persönlichkeitsprozesse, Gruppendynamik und interpersonelle Prozesse, relationship between emotional intelligence & interpersonal skills & social adjustment, Interaktionsforschung, Social Adjustment, Social intelligence, Social Perception & Cognition, Social Skills, Soziale Anpassung, Soziale Fertigkeiten, Soziale Intelligenz, Soziale Wahrnehmung und soziale Kognition -
Erjavec, Tomaž; Žganec Gros, Jerneja (Hg.) (2006): Jezikovne tehnologije. Zbornik 9. mednarodne multikonference Informacijska družba IS 2006, 9. do 10. oktober 2006 = Language technologies : proceedings of the 9th International Multiconference Information Society IS 2006, 9th-10th October 2006, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana: Institut "Jožef Stefan" (Informacijska družba)
Keywords: Informacijska družba, Jezik -
(2006): Perceived Rape Myth Acceptance of Others Predicts Rape Proclivity. Social Norm or Judgmental Anchoring?. In: Swiss Journal of Psychology 65 (2), S. 93-99. DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185.65.2.93
Abstract: Previous research has shown that information about others' rape myth acceptance (RMA) affects men's rape proclivity (Bohner, Siebler, & Schmelcher, 2006). By varying both the level (low vs. high) and format (norm vs. anchor) of such information, different explanations for this effect were investigated. After reporting their own RMA, 117 male participants either read about others' allegedly low vs. high RMA responses (norm conditions), or estimated if others' responses were higher or lower than an "arbitrary" low vs. high value (anchor conditions). Later, participants indicated their rape proclivity (RP). Results show that the level of others' RMA significantly affected participants' self-reported RP, independent of information format. Furthermore, self-reported RMA and RP were positively correlated. Implications for future research are discussed.
Keywords: Missbrauch, Normen -
(2006): Epistemic Value Theory and Social Epistemology. In: Episteme 2 (03), S. 177-188. DOI: 10.3366/epi.2005.2.3.177
Abstract: In order to guide the decisions of real people who want to bring about good epistemic outcomes for themselves and others, we need to understand our epistemic values. In Knowledge in a Social World, Alvin Goldman has proposed an epistemic value theory that allows us to say whether one outcome is epistemically better than another. However, it has been suggested that Goldman's theory is not really an epistemic value theory at all because whether one outcome is epistemically better than another partly depends on our non-epistemic interests. In this paper, I argue that an epistemic value theory that serves the purposes of social epistemology must incorporate non-epistemic interests in much the way that Goldman's theory does. In fact, I argue that Goldman's theory does not go far enough in this direction. In particular, the epistemic value of having a particular true belief should actually be weighted by how interested we are in the topic.
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(2006) : Chapter 8 The Economics of Fairness, Reciprocity and Altruism – Experimental Evidence and New Theories: Foundations, 1: 1. ed.: Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier (Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity), S. 615-691
Abstract: Most economic models are based on the self-interest hypothesis that assumes that material self-interest exclusively motivates all people. Experimental economists have gathered overwhelming evidence in recent years, however, that systematically refutes the self-interest hypothesis, suggesting that concerns for altruism, fairness, and reciprocity strongly motivate many people. Moreover, several theoretical papers demonstrate that the observed phenomena can be explained in a rigorous and tractable manner. These theories then induced a first wave of experimental research which offered exciting insights into both the nature of preferences and the relative performance of competing fairness theories. The purpose of this chapter is to review these developments, to point out open questions, and to suggest avenues for future research. We also discuss recent neuroeconomic evidence that is consistent with the view that many people have a taste for mutual cooperation and the punishment of norm violators. We further illustrate the powerful impact of fairness concerns on cooperation, competition, incentives, and contract design.
Keywords: Fairness, Fairnesstheorie, Most economic models are based on the self-interest hypothesis that assumes that material self-interest exclusively motivates all people. Experimental economists have gathered overwhelming evidence in recent years, however, that systematically refutes the, Review, science direct -
(2006) : Frame Semantics In: Brown, Keith: Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics: 14-Volume Set: 2nd ed.: Burlington: Elsevier, S. 613-620
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(2006): Intentional attunement: a neurophysiological perspective on social cognition and its disruption in autism. In: BRAIN RESEARCH (1), S. 15-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.054
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16680812 Abstract: A direct form of experiential understanding of others, "intentional attunement", is achieved by modeling their behavior as intentional experiences on the basis of the activation of shared neural systems underpinning what the others do an feel and what we do and feel. This modeling mechanism is embodied simulation. In parallel with the detached sensory description of the observed social stimuli, internal representations of the body states associated with actions, emotions, and sensations are evoked in the observer, as if he/she would be doing a similar action or experiencing a similar emotion or sensation. Mirror neuron systems are likely the neural correlate of this mechanism. By means of a shared neural state realized in two different bodies, the "objectual other" becomes "another self". A defective intentional attunement caused by a lack of embodies simulation might cause some of the social impairments of autistic individuals.
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(2006) : Intentional Attunement: Embodied Simulation and Its Role in Social Cognition In: Mancia, Mauro: Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience: Milano: Springer, S. 269-301