Alle Publikationen
2017
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(2017): Respect in Organizations: Feeling valued as "We" and "Me". In: Journal of Management 43 (5), S. 1578-1608
Abstract: Research suggests that organizational members highly prize respect but rarely report adequately receiving it. However, there is a lack of theory in organizational behavior regarding what respect actually is and why members prize it. We argue that there are two distinct types of respect: generalized respect is the sense that “we” are all valued in this organization, and particularized respect is the sense that the organization values “me” for particular attributes, behaviors, and achievements. We build a theoretical model of respect, positing antecedents of generalized respect from the sender’s perspective (prestige of social category, climate for generalized respect) and proposed criteria for the evaluation of particularized respect (role, organizational member, and character prototypicality), which is then enacted by the sender and perceived by the receiver. We also articulate how these two types of respect fulfill the receiver’s needs for belonging and status, which facilitates the self-related outcomes of organization-based self-esteem, organizational and role identification, and psychological safety. Finally, we consider generalized and personalized respect jointly and present four combinations of the two types of respect. We argue that the discrepancy between organizational members’ desired and received respect is partially attributable to the challenge of simultaneously enacting or receiving respect for both the “we” and the “me.”
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(2017): Seeing More than Orange: Organizational Respect and Positive Identity Transformation in a Prison Context. In: Administrative Science Quarterly 62 (2), S. 219-269. DOI: 10.1177/0001839216678842
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839216678842 Abstract: This paper develops grounded theory on how receiving respect at work enables individuals to engage in positive identity transformation and the resulting personal and work-related outcomes. A company that employs inmates at a state prison to perform professional business-to-business marketing services provided a unique context for data collection. Our data indicate that inmates experienced respect in two distinct ways, generalized and particularized, which initiated an identity decoupling process that allowed them to distinguish between their inmate identity and their desired future selves and to construct transitional identities that facilitated positive change. The social context of the organization provided opportunities for personal and social identities to be claimed, respected, and granted, producing social validation and enabling individuals to feel secure in their transitional identities. We find that security in personal identities produces primarily performance-related outcomes, whereas security in the company identity produces primarily well-being-related outcomes. Further, these two types of security together foster an integration of seemingly incompatible identities—’’identity holism’’—as employees progress toward becoming their desired selves. Our work suggests that organizations can play a generative role in improving the lives of their members through respect-based processes.
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(2017): Antioxidant allocation modulates sperm quality across changing social environments. In: PLoS one 12 (5). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176385
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472052 Abstract: In promiscuous species, male reproductive success depends on their ability to mate with fertile females and on the fertilizing ability of their sperm. In such species, theory predicts that, owing to a trade-off between pre- and post-copulatory reproductive traits, males with lesser access to females should increase resource investment into those sperm traits that enhance fertilization success-usually referred to as ejaculate quality. This prediction has been validated in several taxa, yet studies on the physiological mechanisms modulating ejaculate quality are lacking. Sperm cells are highly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which impairs male fertility. Therefore, males that better protect their sperm from oxidative stress are expected to achieve higher ejaculate quality. Based on theoretical expectations, and since social dominance is a major determinant of mating opportunity, we predicted that subordinate males should invest more into the antioxidant protection of their sperm in order to achieve higher ejaculate quality. We maintained 60 male and 60 female wild-caught house sparrows Passer domesticus in outdoor aviaries, where we experimentally manipulated male social status to test our predictions. We measured cellular oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidant activity in blood and sperm both before and after manipulating social ranks. Before manipulating the social status, we found that ejaculate viability correlated with oxidative stress level in sperm, with dominant males producing more oxidized and less viable ejaculates. Further, males at the lower end of the hierarchy produced ejaculates of similar quality to those of dominant males, suggesting that restricted access to resources might limit male reproductive strategies. After experimentally manipulating the social status, males matched their ejaculate quality to their new rank, while increases in antioxidant investment into ejaculates paralleled increases in ejaculate viability. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a general constraint to the evolution of life histories. Our results highlight oxidative stress and strategic antioxidant allocation as important proximate physiological mechanisms underlying male reproductive strategies.
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(2017): Judging those who judge. Perceivers infer the roles of affect and cognition underpinning others' moral dilemma responses. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 69, S. 44-58
Abstract: Investigated the tendency to infer personality-related affective and cognitive processes, assumed to underlie moral dilemma judgments. A total of 421 American and 227 German adults participated in five studies. In Studies 1 and 2, subjects viewed persons who had rejected causing harm as emotionally warmer but less competent than humans who had accepted causing harm. Study 3 replicated this observation and showed that inferred affective processes mediated the effect on warmth, whereas inferred cognitive processes mediated the effect on competence. In Study 4, subjects correctly predicted that affective decision-makers would reject harm, while cognitive decision-makers would accept it. Study 5 showed that subjects preferred persons who rejected causing harm for a professional role that prioritizes warmth (i.e., pediatrician), but they preferred persons who accepted potentially causing harm for a professional role that prioritizes competence (i.e., hospital management). In sum, the findings suggest that people do infer affective and cognitive processes in person's moral decisions about harm rejection and acceptance, and these in turn inform more general personality inferences making. Zitiert von: 9
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(2017): Entangled in Digital Media. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 21 (1), S. 106-113. DOI: 10.5840/techne20172111
Abstract: Review of Digital Media: Human-Technology Connection, by Stacey O’Neal Irwin In the first wave of digital studies, between the 1980s and the early 1990s, the term ‘virtual’ used to have at least three meanings. First, it used to indicate a realm apart, a software-based dimension detached from physically existing reality. Second, the virtual was seen as a place where people could experiment, without the risks and the physical, social, and ethical constraints of real life, new possibilities, actions, and choices. This second acceptation is closer to the etymology of the word. In fact, ‘virtual’ comes from the Latin virtus/virtualis, which translates the Greek term ‘dynamis,’ ‘ability,’ ‘potential,’ ‘potency,’ ‘power.’ In his comment on the first three chapters of the ninth book of Aristotle’s Metaphysics, Martin Heidegger (1995) rendered ‘dynamis’ with ‘Kraft,’ ‘force,’ and ‘Vermögen', a term that might be translated as ‘ability,’ but also ‘faculty,’ ‘capacity,’ and ‘capability.’ As such, the virtual is not opposed to the real, but rather to the actual – ‘actus’ in Latin, translation of the Greek ‘energheia.’ And this is precisely the third meaning of ‘virtual’ as computer-mediated self- and social-empowerment. In other terms, ‘virtual’ and ‘virtuality’ refer to the effects, positive and negative, of online experimentations on real life.
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(2017): Social Work Research Applications of Instrumental Variable Estimation. Designs That Address Compliance, Dosage, and Mediation. In: Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 8 (3), S. 471-492. DOI: 10.1086/693046
Abstract: Objective: Social work researchers conducting randomized experiments of innovative interventions commonly face the problem of imperfect treatment compliance, questions about the relationship between dose and response, or the causal effect of intermediate processes. These are important issues, and social work researchers require the appropriate statistical tools in such scenarios. Identifying the appropriate approach is crucial because the applicability of statistical tools varies by design and the nature of the effect to be estimated. Description: One method for estimating a treatment on its treated effect is to use the ratio of the intent-to-treat effect to the proportion compliant with treatment assignment. A framework derived from instrumental variable estimation and the Rubin causal model extends this method to situations including dose-response and intermediate processes. We discuss the assumptions underlying these techniques, present an in-depth description of how these assumptions enable causal inferences, and explain the key differences between compliance, dosage, and intermediate processes. We then discuss the method in the wider context of research design and the need for formative evaluation and flexibility.
Keywords: Design -
Rosemann, Matthias; Konrad, Michael (Hg.) (2017): Selbstbestimmtes Wohnen. Mobile Unterstützung bei der Lebensführung. 2., vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. Köln: Psychiatrie Verlag (Fachwissen)
Abstract: Wie kann die Hilfeplanung unter dem neuen Bundesteilhabegesetz gestaltet werden - was ist wichtig für alle, die in diesem großen Aufgabenfeld - ob als Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterin oder als Planende und Leitungskräfte mit dem betreuten Wohnen befasst sind? Die Neuauflage des bewährten Handbuchs führt in die gesetzlichen und fachlichen Rahmenbedingungen ein, wie sie sich unter den Bedingungen des neuen Gesetzes darstellen. Die Vorstellung der fachlichen Instrumente und Methoden der Alltagsbegleitung und der ambulanten psychiatrischen Wohnversorgung ist praxisnah und ermutigt zu ihrem Einsatz. Spezifische, problematische Patientengruppen werden thematisiert und die Gemeinde als Wohnort verankert. Nicht zuletzt das Kapitel zur Mitarbeiterqualifikation zeigt, dass alle Ebenen für eine gute Umsetzung der fachlichen Standards in Betracht gezogen werden. Matthias Rosemann M.A. ist Psychologe und Soziologe und Geschäftsführer der Träger gGmbH in Berlin. Er ist Vorsitzender der Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Gemeindepsychiatrischer Verbünde und Vorstandsmitglied der Aktion Psychisch Kranke e.V.
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(2017): The A (ffective) B (ehavioral) C (ognitive) of Taboo Words in Natural Language: The Relationship Between Taboo Words’ Intensity and Frequency. In: Journal of Language and Social Psychology 36 (3), S. 306-320
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(2017): Faced with exclusion. Perceived facial warmth and competence influence moral judgments of social exclusion. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 68, S. 101-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.005 Abstract: Examined how moral judgments about social exclusion may be influenced by a person's facial appearance. In Study 1, 160 participants (mean age 34 years) were presented with images of male faces that were manipulated on the dimensions of warmth and competence. 160 participants (mean age 36 years) in Study 2 were also shown faces of the excluding group (i.e., the sources of ostracism). Study 3 (160 participants mean age 33 years) examined the underlying emotions (e.g., pity vs. disgust) evoked by the various faces. Results confirmed that facial appearance is important when making moral judgments about social exclusion and that excluding an individual perceived of as warm and competent is less acceptable than excluding someone who appears cold and incompetent. Findings are discussed in relation to the severe behavioral consequences which may result from these judgments e.g., in bystander intervention situations or instances of public shaming. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 68 (2016) 101-112. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.005 Zitiert von: 9
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(2017): The Body, Technology and Translation. Mapping the Complexity of Online Embodiment. In: Sociological Research Online 22 (2), S. 1-13. DOI: 10.5153/sro.4322
Abstract: This theoretical article considers the potential for a revival of sociological interest in online embodiment by developing a conceptual alternative to the predominant framework of self-presentation, and showing how social theory may benefit from exploration of this field. It starts by critically reviewing the discussion on online embodiment, pointing out its theoretical shortcomings, and arguing that they result from the difficulty that social theory has with accounting for the increased ontological complexity of embodiment induced by the pervasiveness of digital technologies. Treating a theory of practice as an inspiring perspective, it then adapts the notion of translation as a general term capable of grasping the complex relationships between physical bodies, digital technologies, reflexive selves and the social aspects of online embodiment. An important advantage of this concept is that it makes it possible to see the role of technology as constitutive without losing the sociological perspective, and encompasses a wide range of contemporary body-technology interactions. Furthermore, it also has the potential to foster a sociological understanding of the relationships between bodily, technological, mindful and social elements, and to do so without slipping into reductionism.
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(2017) : Pick Again: Self-Adaptive Warehouse Commissioning: ARCS 2017; 30th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems: Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer SE, S. 1-7. Online verfügbar unter https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7948555/
Abstract: Picking in warehouses represents a central process for mail order businesses. It has a major impact on the required investments by the business and the speed of delivery to the clients. In fact, due to the steady rise in expectations regarding delivery times - even private households receive goods on a same-day-delivery basis, nowadays - ongoing optimisation efforts are rather important. They are all the more necessary, as the economic environment changes rapidly, which includes emerging or receding trading channels as well as the generation of vast amounts of sales and usage data. These dynamics, in turn, equally challenge traditional optimisation approaches and monolithic IT systems. Therefore, in this collaborative project between academia and industry, we have spatially re-modelled an existing small parts store, modelled the workers, dollies, and goods, and optimised various aspects such as the chosen routes and storage locations of the goods. Altogether, we achieved a significant increase in efficiency: The picking process yielded 14% more picks per time and the walking distance was reduced by 37%. Our agent-based, and Q-learning-based approach lends itself well for adapting to changes in the environment as well as changes in the clients' shopping behaviours.
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(2017): A Taxonomy of Privacy Constructs for Privacy-Sensitive Robotics. Online verfügbar unter http://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.00841v1
Abstract: The introduction of robots into our society will also introduce new concerns about personal privacy. In order to study these concerns, we must do human-subject experiments that involve measuring privacy-relevant constructs. This paper presents a taxonomy of privacy constructs based on a review of the privacy literature. Future work in operationalizing privacy constructs for HRI studies is also discussed.
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(2017): Building Multiversal Semantic Maps for Mobile Robot Operation. In: KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS 119, S. 257-272. DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2016.12.016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2016.12.016 Abstract: Semantic maps augment metric-topological maps with meta-information, i.e. l semantic knowledge aimed at the planning and execution of high-level robotic tasks. Semantic knowledge typically encodes human-like concepts, like types of objects and rooms, which are connected to sensory data when symbolic representations of percepts from the robot workspace are grounded to those concepts. Such a symbol grounding is usually carried out by algorithms that individually categorize each symbol and provide a crispy outcome – a symbol is either a member of a category or not. Such approach is valid for a variety of tasks, but it fails at: (i) dealing with the uncertainty inherent to the grounding process, and (ii) jointly exploiting the contextual relations among concepts (e.g. microwaves are usually in kitchens). This work provides a solution for probabilistic symbol grounding that overcomes these limitations. Concretely, we rely on Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) to model and exploit contextual relations, and to provide measurements about the uncertainty coming from the possible groundings in the form of beliefs (e.g. an object can be categorized (grounded) as a microwave or as a nightstand with beliefs 0.6 and 0.4, respectively). Our solution is integrated into a novel semantic map representation called Multiversal Semantic Map (MvSmap), which keeps the sets of different groundings, or universes, as instances of ontologies annotated with the obtained beliefs for their posterior exploitation. The suitability of our proposal has been proven with the Robot@Home dataset, a repository that contains challenging multi-modal sensory information gathered by a mobile robot in home environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Distraction or cognitive overload? Using modulations of the autonomic nervous system to discriminate the possible negative effects of advanced assistance system. In: Accident Analysis & Prevention 103, S. 105-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.023 Abstract: The interaction with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems has several positive implications for road safety, but also some potential downsides such as mental workload and automation complacency. Malleable attentional resources allocation theory describes two possible processes that can generate workload in interaction with advanced assisting devices. The purpose of the present study is to determine if specific analysis of the different modalities of autonomic control of nervous system can be used to discriminate different potential workload processes generated during assisted-driving tasks and automation complacency situations. Thirty-five drivers were tested in a virtual scenario while using head-up advanced warning assistance system. Repeated MANOVA were used to examine changes in autonomic activity across a combination of different user interactions generated by the advanced assistance system: (1) expected take-over request without anticipatory warning; (2) expected take-over request with two-second anticipatory warning; (3) unexpected take-over request with misleading warning; (4) unexpected take-over request without warning. Results shows that analysis of autonomic modulations can discriminate two different resources allocation processes, related to different behavioral performances. The user's interaction that required divided attention under expected situations produced performance enhancement and reciprocally-coupled parasympathetic inhibition with sympathetic activity. At the same time, supervising interactions that generated automation complacency were described specifically by uncoupled sympathetic activation. Safety implications for automated assistance systems developments are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017) : The effect of personality trait, age, and gender on the performance of automatic speech valence recognition: 2017 Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII): 2017 Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII): San Antonio, TX: [Piscataway, New Jersey]: IEEE, S. 86-91
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(2017) : Social Signal Processing in Social Robotics In: Vinciarelli, Alessandro; Burgoon, Judee K.; Pantic, Maja; Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia (Hg.): Social signal processing: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 317-328
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(2017): Many kinds of kindness. The relationship between values and prosocial behaviour, S. 75-96. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56352-7_4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56352-7_4 Abstract: Prosocial behaviour may be defined as behaviour that benefits other people or society. Some psychologists add that it is behaviour that is beneficial to others and does not benefit (or even disadvantages) the agent. These definitions concern the perceived consequences of behaviour, which are somewhat open to interpretation. As a result, there are many classes of behaviour that can be thought of as 'prosocial', with varying degrees of consensus across and within cultures. Displays of everyday kindness towards another human being, helping an elderly lady across the road, for instance, or cooking dinner for a friend, are perhaps almost universally considered prosocial. On the other hand, working in a clinic to provide access to contraceptives, and campaigning to prevent a new runway being built, are behaviours that might be perceived as prosocial by some people, and in some cultures, but as neutral or even antisocial by others. In this chapter, we look at different possible candidates for prosocial behaviour, from the interpersonal to the more political, and compared their relationship to values, across cultures where we can. In looking over the research to date on some of the main relationships between values and prosocial behaviour, Self-Transcendence appears to be a dominant positive motivating force, while Self-Enhancement is rarely associated with any behaviour that may be construed as prosocial. In fact, it is this values dimension, and within it particularly Power that is most solidly associated with antisocial behaviour. The Conservation/Openness-to-Change axis is more context-dependent in its patterns, often neutral and sometimes supporting and sometimes inhibiting both pro- and antisocial behaviour. This chapter has highlighted that prosocial behaviour, is a complex beast. If, by prosocial, we just mean an act of kindness, then we can easily limit ourselves to one class of behaviour and a set of studies that have an over-reliance on narrow experiments where a student is asked if they will come in next week to help their professor in the laboratory. If, by prosocial, we mean behaviour that benefits other people or society, then we have to open ourselves up to the full range of what these behaviours might be, and ask whether they would be considered prosocial in a culture different from our own. We could not consider every class of prosocial behaviour in this chapter, but we have approximated a range by looking at everyday kindness, political activism, pro-environmental behaviour and participation in organised groups that work in the interest of others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1
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(2017): A lesion model of envy and Schadenfreude. Legal, deservingness and moral dimensions as revealed by neurodegeneration. In: Brain : a journal of neurology 140 (12), S. 3357-3377. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx269
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29112719 Abstract: The study of moral emotions (i.e. Schadenfreude and envy) is critical to understand the ecological complexity of everyday interactions between cognitive, affective, and social cognition processes. Most previous studies in this area have used correlational imaging techniques and framed Schadenfreude and envy as unified and monolithic emotional domains. Here, we profit from a relevant neurodegeneration model to disentangle the brain regions engaged in three dimensions of Schadenfreude and envy: deservingness, morality, and legality. We tested a group of patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), patients with Alzheimer's disease, as a contrastive neurodegeneration model, and healthy controls on a novel task highlighting each of these dimensions in scenarios eliciting Schadenfreude and envy. Compared with the Alzheimer's disease and control groups, patients with bvFTD obtained significantly higher scores on all dimensions for both emotions. Correlational analyses revealed an association between envy and Schadenfreude scores and greater deficits in social cognition, inhibitory control, and behaviour disturbances in bvFTD patients. Brain anatomy findings (restricted to bvFTD and controls) confirmed the partially dissociable nature of the moral emotions' experiences and highlighted the importance of socio-moral brain areas in processing those emotions. In all subjects, an association emerged between Schadenfreude and the ventral striatum, and between envy and the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, the results supported an association between scores for moral and legal transgression and the morphology of areas implicated in emotional appraisal, including the amygdala and the parahippocampus. By contrast, bvFTD patients exhibited a negative association between increased Schadenfreude and envy across dimensions and critical regions supporting social-value rewards and social-moral processes (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, angular gyrus and precuneus). Together, this study provides lesion-based evidence for the multidimensional nature of the emotional experiences of envy and Schadenfreude. Our results offer new insights into the mechanisms subsuming complex emotions and moral cognition in neurodegeneration. Moreover, this study presents the exacerbation of envy and Schadenfreude as a new potential hallmark of bvFTD that could impact in diagnosis and progression. zitiert von: 3
Keywords: Aged, Alzheimer’s Disease, Amygdala, BRAIN, Case-Control Studies, Diagnostic Imaging, Emotions, Emotionsforschung, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Moral, Morals, Neurowissenschaften, Parietal Lobe, Physiopathology, Prefrontal Cortex, PSYCHOLOGY, Social Behavior, Ventral Striatum -
(2017): Structural power and the evolution of collective fairness in social networks. In: PLoS one 12 (4). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175687
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175687 Abstract: From work contracts and group buying platforms to political coalitions and international climate and economical summits, often individuals assemble in groups that must collectively reach decisions that may favor each part unequally. Here we quantify to which extent our network ties promote the evolution of collective fairness in group interactions, modeled by means of Multiplayer Ultimatum Games (MUG). We show that a single topological feature of social networks-which we call structural power-has a profound impact on the tendency of individuals to take decisions that favor each part equally. Increased fair outcomes are attained whenever structural power is high, such that the networks that tie individuals allow them to meet the same partners in different groups, thus providing the opportunity to strongly influence each other. On the other hand, the absence of such close peer-influence relationships dismisses any positive effect created by the network. Interestingly, we show that increasing the structural power of a network leads to the appearance of well-defined modules-as found in human social networks that often exhibit community structure-providing an interaction environment that maximizes collective fairness.
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(2017) : Learning behavioral norms in uncertain and changing contexts: 2017 8th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom): Debrecen, Hungary: IEEE, S. 000301-000306
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CogInfoCom.2017.8268261 Abstract: Human behavior is often guided by social and moral norms. Robots that enter human societies must therefore behave in norm-conforming ways as well to increase coordination, predictability, and safety in human-robot interactions. However, human norms are context-specific and laced with uncertainty, making the representation, learning, and communication of norms challenging. We provide a formal representation of norms using deontic logic, Dempster-Shafer Theory, and a machine learning algorithm that allows an artificial agent to learn norms under uncertainty from human data. We demonstrate a novel cognitive capability with which an agent can dynamically learn norms while being exposed to distinct contexts, recognizing the unique identity of each context and the norms that apply in it.
Keywords: Artificial agent, behavioral norms, behavioural sciences computing, Cognition, Conferences, Dempster-Shafer Theory, deontic logic, Ethics, formal logic, Human behavior, human societies, human-robot interaction, human-robot interactions, ieee xplore, inference mechanisms, learning (artificial intelligence), Libraries, machine learning algorithm, Moral & Ethik, moral norms, norm-conforming ways, Robot kinematics, Social Norms, uncertainty, uncertainty handling -
(2017): Do Individuals Value Distributional Fairness?. How Inequality Affects Majority Decisions. In: Political Behavior 85 (4). DOI: 10.1007/s11109-017-9424-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9424-6 Abstract: The so-called chaos theorems imply that, under most preference configurations, majority voting in n-dimensional policy spaces is theoretically unrestricted. Empirical research, however, shows an apparent stability of democratic decisions. Recent theoretical developments have emphasized social preferences as a possible explanation for overcoming majority rule’s instability problem. Hence, it is assumed that individuals not only maximize their own well-being, but also value distributional fairness. However, there is little experimental research into the influence of social preferences on majority decisions. This article presents findings from laboratory experiments on majority decisions in two-dimensional policy spaces with a systematic variation of the fairness properties of the incentive structures. The results show that distributional fairness is an important motivational factor in democratic decisions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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Sautermeister, Jochen; Ethik, Münchner Kompetenz Zentrum (Hg.) (2017): Moralpsychologie. Transdisziplinäre Perspektiven. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag (Ethik im Diskurs)
Keywords: Development -
(2017): Formalizing emotion concepts within a Bayesian model of theory of mind. In: Emotion 17, S. 15-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.019 Abstract: Sensitivity to others’ emotions is foundational for many aspects of human life, yet computational models do not currently approach the sensitivity and specificity of human emotion knowledge. Perception of isolated physical expressions largely supplies ambiguous, low-dimensional, and noisy information about others’ emotional states. By contrast, observers attribute specific granular emotions to another person based on inferences of how she interprets (or ‘appraises’) external events in relation to her other mental states (goals, beliefs, moral values, costs). These attributions share neural mechanisms with other reasoning about minds. Situating emotion concepts in a formal model of people’s intuitive theories about other minds is necessary to effectively capture humans’ fine-grained emotion understanding.
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(2017): Communicating intent to develop shared situation awareness and engender trust in human-agent teams. In: COGNITIVE SYSTEMS RESEARCH 46, S. 26-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.02.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.02.002 Abstract: This paper addresses issues related to integrating autonomy-enabled, intelligent agents into collaborative, human-machine teams. Interaction with intelligent machine agents capable of making independent, goal-directed decisions in human-machine teaming operations constitutes a major change from traditional human-machine interaction involving teleoperation. Communicating the machine agent’s intent to human counterparts becomes increasingly important as independent machine decisions become subject to human trust and mental models. The authors present findings from their research that suggest existing user display technologies, tailored with context-specific information and the human’s knowledge level of the machine agent’s decision process, can mitigate misperceptions of the appropriateness of agent behavioral responses. This is important because misperceptions on the part of human team members increases the likelihood of trust degradation and unnecessary interventions, ultimately leading to disuse of the agent. Examples of possible issues associated with communicating agent intent, as well as potential implications for trust calibration are provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Theory of mind is just behavior. In: Current Psychiatry Reviews 13 (2), S. 82-89. DOI: 10.2174/1573400513666170503115212
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1573400513666170503115212 Abstract: The term Theory of Mind (ToM) has been used to refer to the ability of an individual to make inferences about what others may be thinking or feeling and to predict what they may do in a given situation based on those inferences—in other words, the ability to take another person’s perspective. Unfortunately, most researchers talk about ToM as if it were a cognitive process, which, if true, means that it can never be studied directly. As a result, various tests of behavior have been devised from which ToM (or the lack thereof) is deduced. As with all cognitive processes, inferring ToM based solely on observed behavior is problematic because there is no direct and independent evidence of the ToM. And, because ToM itself is not directly observable, the question remains as to how one might teach it to individuals diagnosed with psychological disorders who have ToM deficits. In the present essay, I argue that it is more parsimonious and ultimately more practical to view ToM as only a label for a set of observed behaviors that are acquired according to relatively straightforward principles of learning and, thus, also capable of being taught to individuals diagnosed with psychological disorders who lack such behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: theory of mind, Verhaltensforschung