Alle Publikationen
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2015
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(2015) : Religion. Morality and Social Control In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 333-337
Abstract: Religion, morality, and social control have been inexorably linked for centuries. In fact, some argue that morality and social control are derived fundamentally from religion. Dominant religious bodies in many societies define correct behavior, codify conduct, and establish social control systems designed to enforce systems of behaviors. This article begins with a discussion of morality, including its definition in the social sciences and how it both influences and is influenced by society. Social control is treated similarly, with attention to different types of control, distinct types of social control organizations, whether social control is unduly influenced by elite members of society, and whether its differential impact on people is distinguished by class, race/ethnicity, and gender. The role of religion in defining and being affected by morality and social control is presented next. This section addresses how various aspects of religion affect moral behaviors and serve as social control mechanisms. The final section discusses how religion is sometimes cast as immoral and deviant.
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(2015) : Technology and Social Control In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 117-124
Abstract: One aspect of modernization is the use of science-based technology in rule enforcement. In the ‘engineered society,’ an ethos of rationalization is seen in the application of means to ends. The events of 11 September 2001, and the war on terror have brought increased attention to the question, but the increased use of technical means for control reflects continuity rather than disjuncture. Six social control strategies are discussed and illustrated: target removal, target devaluation, target insulation, offender incapacitation, offender exclusion, and identification of offenses and offenders. In complex settings in a democratic society, relying primarily on technology to control human behavior has clear social and ethical limitations. The technology's narrowing of focus may come at a cost of failing to see larger systemic contexts, alternatives, and longer range consequences. The complexity and fluidity of human situations makes this a rich area for the study of trade-off, irony, and paradox. There are some parallels to iatrogenic medical practices in which one problem is cured, but at a cost of creating another. Technical efforts to ensure conformity may be hindered by conflicting goals, unintended consequences, displacement, lessened equity, complacency, neutralization, invalidity, escalation, system overload, a negative image of personal dignity and the danger of the means determining, or becoming ends. zitiert von 39
Keywords: Deviance, Dignity, Manipulation, Means–ends relations, Medien, Mensch-Technik-Relation, Police, RATIONALITY, rules, science direct, social control, Social engineering, surveillance, Suspect weakening, System overload, Target hardening, technology, Unintended consequences, Verhaltensforschung -
(2015) : Group Processes, Social Psychology of In: Wright, James D.: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition): Oxford: Elsevier, S. 422-427
Abstract: Groups lie at the core of the human experience. Group processes encompass such a wide range of phenomena that the social psychological study of group processes has many different focuses. The study of group processes, in general, concerns the cognitive and social causes and consequences of human aggregation. This article provides a history and review of group processes research including information on group formation, group performance, and group decision making; of how people are socialized into groups and roles within groups; and of how groups influence their members through persuasion, leadership, and norms.
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