Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018): SEAI. Social Emotional Artificial Intelligence Based on Damasio’s Theory of Mind. In: Frontiers in Robotics and AI 5. DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00006
Abstract: A socially intelligent robot must be capable to extract meaningful information in real time from the social environment and react accordingly with coherent human-like behavior. Moreover, it should be able to internalize this information, to reason on it at a higher level, build its own opinions independently, and then automatically bias the decision-making according to its unique experience. In the last decades, neuroscience research highlighted the link between the evolution of such complex behavior and the evolution of a certain level of consciousness, which cannot leave out of a body that feels emotions as discriminants and prompters. In order to develop cognitive systems for social robotics with greater human-likeliness, we used an “understanding by building” approach to model and implement a well-known theory of mind in the form of an artificial intelligence, and we tested it on a sophisticated robotic platform. The name of the presented system is SEAI (Social Emotional Artificial Intelligence), a cognitive system specifically conceived for social and emotional robots. It is designed as a bio-inspired, highly modular, hybrid system with emotion modeling and high-level reasoning capabilities. It follows the deliberative/reactive paradigm where a knowledge-based expert system is aimed at dealing with the high-level symbolic reasoning, while a more conventional reactive paradigm is deputed to the low-level processing and control. The SEAI system is also enriched by a model that simulates the Damasio’s theory of consciousness and the theory of Somatic Markers. After a review of similar bio-inspired cognitive systems, we present the scientific foundations and their computational formalization at the basis of the SEAI framework. Then, a deeper technical description of the architecture is disclosed underlining the numerous parallelisms with the human cognitive system. Finally, the influence of artificial emotions and feelings, and their link with the robot’s beliefs and decisions have been tested in a physical humanoid involved in Human–Robot Interaction (HRI).
Keywords: Abstraktionsfähigkeit, Bewusstsein, Damasio's theory of consciousness, emotion, Fähigkeit, sich eine eigene Meinung zu bilden, Intelligenz, Interaktionspartner, Mensch oder Maschine, Menschsein als Voraussetznug für soziale Angemessenheit?, Schnelligkeit der Informationsverarbeitung (real time), theory of mind, Theory of Somatic Markers -
(2018): ROBIN, a Telepresence Robot to Support Older Users Monitoring and Social Inclusion: Development and Evaluation. In: Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association 24 (2), S. 145-154. DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2016.0258
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2016.0258 Abstract: INTRODUCTION This article describes an enhanced telepresence robot named ROBIN, part of a telecare system derived from the GIRAFFPLUS project for supporting and monitoring older adults at home. ROBIN is integrated in a sensor-rich environment that aims to continuously monitor physical and psychological wellbeing of older persons living alone. The caregivers (formal/informal) can communicate through it with their assisted persons. Long-term trials in real houses highlighted several user requirements that inspired improvements on the robotic platform. The enhanced telepresence robot was assessed by users to test its suitability to support social interaction and provide motivational feedback on health-related aspects. METHODS Twenty-five users (n = 25) assessed the new multimodal interaction capabilities and new communication services. A psychophysiological approach was adopted to investigate aspects like engagement, usability, and affective impact, as well as the possible role of individual differences on the quality of human-robot interaction. RESULTS ROBIN was overall judged usable, the interaction with/through it resulted pleasant and the required workload was limited, thus supporting the idea of using it as a central component for remote assistance and social participation. Open-minded users tended to have a more positive interaction with it. CONCLUSIONS This work describes an enabling technology for remote assistance and social communication. It highlights the importance of being compliant with users' needs to develop solutions easy to use and able to foster their social connections. The role of personality appeared to be relevant for the interaction, underscoring a clear role of the service personalization.
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(2018): Cognitive assistants. In: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 117, S. 1-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.05.008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.05.008 Abstract: The article presents the most recent advances in the field of cognitive assistants (CA). These days CA technology is being extended to what is sometimes called 'smart advisors', which provide a universal human-centric computer information solution. Smart advisors combine generic decision support techniques with context-awareness and personalized recommendation using machine learning. They aim to help people in their daily activities in a general sense. Today, a number of prototypes of such systems exist. Some of them are well integrated into online services, as well as mobile devices. Others are embedded into dedicated robot prototypes, often oriented on care taking. Recently a more general concept of companion technologies has been introduced. The articles contained in this special issue are very heterogeneous in terms of scope, region and are by people that are a reference in this field. Five articles compose this Special Issue, and they are distributed globally, with contributions from the following countries: Germany, New Zealand, Spain, Taiwan, and United States of America. This shows the interest of academia in the CA area and the level of development that is currently underway, and provide different perspectives related to their own culture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Interactional linguistics. Studying language in social interaction. Cambridge; New York, NY; Melbourne; Singapore: Cambridge University Press
Abstract: Machine generated contents note: Introduction: 1. What is interactional linguistics?; Part I. How Is Interaction Conducted with Lightening Sources?: 2. Turn construction and turn taking; 3. Repair; 4. Action formation and ascription; 5. Topic and sequence; Part II. How are Linguistic Resources Deployed in Interaction?; 6. Sentences, clauses, and phrases; 7. Clause combinations; 8. One-word constructions: particles; Conclusion: 9. Implications for language theory "Reviewing recent findings on linguistic practices used in turn construction and turn taking, repair, action formation and ascription, sequence and topic organization, the book examines the way linguistic units of varying size - sentences, clauses, phrases, clause combinations, particles - are mobilized for the implementation of specific actions in talk-in-interaction. A final chapter discusses the implications of an interactional perspective for our understanding of language as well as its variation, diversity, and universality. Supplementary online chapters explore additional topics such as the linguistic organization of preference, stance, footing, and storytelling, as well as the use of prosody and phonetics, and further practices with language"-- "The first textbook dedicated to interactional linguistics, focusing on linguistic analyses of conversational phenomena, this introduction provides an overview of the theory and methodology of interactional linguistics. Reviewing recent findings on linguistic practices used in turn construction and turn taking, repair, action formation, ascription, and sequence and topic organization, the book examines the way that linguistic units of varying size - sentences, clauses, phrases, clause combinations, and particles - are mobilized for the implementation of specific actions in talk-in-interaction. A final chapter discusses the implications of an interactional perspective for our understanding of language as well as its variation, diversity, and universality. Supplementary online chapters explore additional topics such as the linguistic organization of preference, stance, footing, and storytelling, as well as the use of prosody and phonetics, and further practices with language. Featuring summary boxes and transcripts from recordings of everyday conversation, this is an essential resource for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate courses on language in social interaction"--
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(2018) : Adapting Robot Behavior using Regulatory Focus Theory, User Physiological State and Task-Performance Information: 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Nanjing, China: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 644-651
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525648 Abstract: Social robots are expected to be part of everyday life of people. This will generate interactions between humans and robots that may have positive or negative effects on the users. In order to minimize the negative effects and increase robot persuasiveness, robots should behave in an appropriate manner by adapting to their users. How to achieve this adaptation remains a challenge. We propose the usage of the Regulatory Focus Theory, user physiological state, and game-performance information in order to detect user stress and adapt the behavior of the robot. We present a longitudinal experiment conducted with 35 participants in a game-like scenario. The robot was trained for adapting to the regulatory focus of the users and decreasing their stress while they were playing the game. For this reason, we trained the robot with 12 participants with Chronic Promotion State and with 12 participants with Chronic Prevention State. We used a Q-Learning algorithm based on the Regulatory Focus of the participants, user stress, and task performance. The model obtained was tested with 2 groups (6 and 5 participants, respectively) according to their Chronic Regulatory Focus. Results show that our system was able to generate a robot behavior capable of increasing robot persuasiveness and reducing user stress, which is of great importance for social robots.
Keywords: Adaptive systems, Angemessen(heit) (von Technik), chronic promotion state, chronic regulatory focus, game-like scenario, game-performance information, Games, human-robot interaction, ieee xplore, learning (artificial intelligence), physiology, regulatory focus theory, robot behavior, robot persuasiveness, Robot sensing systems, social robots, Stress, Task Analysis, Task Performance, task-performance information, user physiological state -
(2018): Happy to help?. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 76, S. 320-329. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.014
Abstract: Do acts of kindness improve the well-being of the actor? Recent advances in the behavioural sciences have provided a number of explanations of human social, cooperative and altruistic behaviour. These theories predict that people will be ‘happy to help’ family, friends, community members, spouses, and even strangers under some conditions. Here we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the experimental evidence that kindness interventions (for example, performing ‘random acts of kindness’) boost subjective well-being. Our initial search of the literature identified 489 articles; of which 24 (27 studies) met the inclusion criteria (total N/=/4045). These 27 studies, some of which included multiple control conditions and dependent measures, yielded 52 effect sizes. Multi-level modeling revealed that the overall effect of kindness on the well-being of the actor is small-to-medium (´/=/0.28). The effect was not moderated by sex, age, type of participant, intervention, control condition or outcome measure. There was no indication of publication bias. We discuss the limitations of the current literature, and recommend that future research test more specific theories of kindness: taking kindness-specific individual differences into account; distinguishing between the effects of kindness to specific categories of people; and considering a wider range of proximal and distal outcomes. Such research will advance our understanding of the causes and consequences of kindness, and help practitioners to maximise the effectiveness of kindness interventions to improve well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1
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(2018): Verbal-spatial and visuospatial coding of power-space interactions. In: Consciousness and cognition, S. 151-160. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.05.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.05.003 Abstract: A power-space interaction, which denotes the phenomenon that people responded faster to powerful words when they are placed higher in a visual field and faster to powerless words when they are placed lower in a visual field, has been repeatedly found. The dominant explanation of this power-space interaction is that it results from a tight correspondence between the representation of power and visual space (i.e., a visuospatial coding account). In the present study, we demonstrated that the interaction between power and space could be also based on a verbal-spatial coding in absence of any vertical spatial information. Additionally, the verbal-spatial coding was dominant in driving the power-space interaction when verbal space was contrasted with the visual space.
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(2018): Anthropomorphism in human–robot co-evolution. In: Frontiers in psychology 9, S. 1-9. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00468
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00468 Abstract: Social robotics entertains a particular relationship with anthropomorphism, which it neither sees as a cognitive error, nor as a sign of immaturity. Rather it considers that this common human tendency, which is hypothesized to have evolved because it favored cooperation among early humans, can be used today to facilitate social interactions between humans and a new type of cooperative and interactive agents – social robots. This approach leads social robotics to focus research on the engineering of robots that activate anthropomorphic projections in users. The objective is to give robots ’social presence’ and ’social behaviors’ that are sufficiently credible for human users to engage in comfortable and potentially long-lasting relations with these machines. This choice of ‘applied anthropomorphism’ as a research methodology exposes the artifacts produced by social robotics to ethical condemnation: social robots are judged to be a ’cheating’ technology, as they generate in users the illusion of reciprocal social and affective relations. This article takes position in this debate, not only developing a series of arguments relevant to philosophy of mind, cognitive sciences, and robotic AI, but also asking what social robotics can teach us about anthropomorphism. On this basis, we propose a theoretical perspective that characterizes anthropomorphism as a basic mechanism of interaction, and rebuts the ethical reflections that a priori condemns ’anthropomorphism-based’ social robots. To address the relevant ethical issues, we promote a critical experimentally based ethical approach to social robotics, ’synthetic ethics,’ which aims at allowing humans to use social robots for two main goals: self-knowledge and moral growth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Disease management apps and technical assistance systems for bipolar disorder: Investigating the patients´ point of view. In: Journal of affective disorders 229, S. 351-357. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.059
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.059 Abstract: BACKGROUND Smartphone-based disease management has become increasingly interesting for research in the field of bipolar disorders. This article investigates the attitudes of persons affected by this disorder towards the appropriation of mobile apps or assistance systems for the management of their disease. METHODS We conducted two separate studies. Study 1 was an online survey with 88 participants. In study 2 we consulted 15 participants during a semi-structured interview. All the participants had formerly been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. RESULTS More than half of the participants of study 1 and most participants of study 2 agreed with the use of an app or assistance system for self-ratings, third party ratings and an objective symptom monitoring. Potential interventions that were popular in both groups included a regular feedback, the visualization of monitored data and advice in crises. LIMITATIONS With study 1 we were not able to ensure correct diagnoses or to interact in a flexible way. In Study 2 those issues were resolved, but the small number of participants raises the question of a possible generalisability of the results. Furthermore, for both studies a selection bias could not be excluded. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate positive attitudes of bipolar patients towards disease management apps and assistance systems. Even new and innovative features such as partner apps or the analysis of facial expressions in video data were appreciated and daily interactions were favoured. However, the variety of answers calls for flexible systems which allow activating or deactivating certain features.
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(2018) : Combining Social Robotics and Music as a Non-Medical Treatment for People with Dementia: 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): Nanjing, China: IEEE Robotics & Automation Society, S. 465-467
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525813 Abstract: Today, around 260.000 people in the Netherlands are diagnosed with dementia. This paper provides a first design and evaluation of a social robot that provides the music which supports positive self-disclosures of personal memories. Based on the situated cognitive engineering methodology, we developed software for the Pepper robot which can let people with dementia (PwD) listen to their favorite music and we tested this robot in a care center with seven persons with dementia. The test focused on robot's usability and music's effect on the person listening. Three general claims were tested: The robot (1) is easy to use by the PwD, relatives and caregivers, (2) brings PwD in a more positive emotional state, and (3) stimulates PwD to recall memories and talk about their past. Our results show that the “music robot” for PwD often elicits very strong positive responses and that our observations are in line with the three claims. However, using a very human-like robot like Pepper does pose certain challenges as the PwD expect it to truly understand every word they say, which is not yet the case.
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Decker, Oliver (2018): Sozialpsychologie und Sozialtheorie. Wiesbaden: Springer VS
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(2018) : Akkulturation In: Machleidt, Wielant; Kluge, Ulrike; Sieberer, Marcel Gerd; Heinz, Andreas; Agorastos, Agorastos (Hg.): Praxis der interkulturellen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie: Migration und psychische Gesundheit: 2. Auflage: München: Elsevier, S. 77-81
Abstract: siehe PDF
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(2018): Facing up to the hard question of consciousness. In: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 373 (1755). DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0342
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0342 Abstract: The so-called hard problem of consciousness is a chimera, a distraction from the hard question of consciousness, which is once some content reaches consciousness, 'then what happens?'. This question is seldom properly asked, for reasons good and bad, but when asked it opens up avenues of research that promise to dissolve the hard problem and secure a scientifically sound theory of how the human brain produces the (sometimes illusory) convictions that mislead us.This article is part of the theme issue 'Perceptual consciousness and cognitive access'.
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(2018): Alibis for Adult Play. A Goffmanian Account of Escaping Embarrassment in Adult Play. In: Games and culture 13 (3), S. 260-279. DOI: 10.1177/1555412017721086
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29706842 Abstract: The social meanings of play sit at odds with norms of responsible and productive adult conduct. To be "caught" playing as an adult therefore risks embarrassment. Still, many designers want to create enjoyable, nonembarrassing play experiences for adults. To address this need, this article reads instances of spontaneous adult play through the lens of Erving Goffman's theory of the interaction order to unpack conditions and strategies for nonembarrassing adult play. It identifies established frames, segregated audiences, scripts supporting smooth performance, managing audience awareness, role distancing, and, particularly, alibis for play: Adults routinely provide alternative, adult-appropriate motives to account for their play, such as child care, professional duties, creative expression, or health. Once legitimized, the norms and rules of play themselves then provide an alibi for behavior that would risk being embarrassing outside play.
Keywords: accounts, adult play, adulthood, alibi, BEHAVIOR, Disziplin, embarrassment, Erving Goffman, frame analysis, Goffman, IDENTITY, Interaktion, Kulturtheorie, MODELS, play, motivational accounting system, Rechtfertigung, role distance, script, Spiel, spielen, theory of interaction, Theory of interaction (Goffman), TRANSITION, VOCABULARIES, Wissen um Normen, WORK -
(2018): “Cunt”. On the perception and handling of verbal dynamite by L1 and LX users of English. In: Multilingua 37 (1), S. 53-81. DOI: 10.1515/multi-2017-0013
Abstract: "Cunt" is currently one of the most offensive words in the English language and is usually censored in the English press and media. The present study looks firstly at differences between 1159 first (L1) and 1165 foreign (LX) users of English in their perceived understanding of the word, its perceived offensiveness and their self-reported frequency of use. Secondly, it considers the relationships between the dependent variables and a number of psychological, sociobiographical and linguistic profile variables. The findings suggest that LX users are less sure about the exact meaning of the word, underestimate its offensiveness and use it less frequently than L1 users. Links between understanding of the word and its perceived offensiveness vary for L1 and LX users. High levels of Extraversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism were linked to more frequent use of the word, as were lower levels of education, a younger age, being a male and working in a swearing-rich environment for both L1 and LX users. Variation in the group of LX users was linked to age of onset of acquisition of English, context of acquisition, self-reported oral proficiency, frequency of use of English and having lived in an English-speaking environment.
Keywords: time -
(2018): The multi-modal interface of Robot-Era multi-robot services tailored for the elderly. In: Intelligent Service Robotics 11 (1), S. 109-126. DOI: 10.1007/s11370-017-0237-6
DOI: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2018-02230-008&site=ehost-live Abstract: Socially assistive robotic platforms are now a realistic option for the long-term care of ageing populations. Elderly users may benefit from many services provided by robots operating in different environments, such as providing assistance inside apartments, serving in shared facilities of buildings or guiding people outdoors. In this paper, we present the experience gained within the EU FP7 ROBOT-ERA project towards the objective of implementing easy-to-use and acceptable service robotic system for the elderly. In particular, we detail the user-centred design and the experimental evaluation in realistic environments of a web-based multi-modal user interface tailored for elderly users of near future multi-robot services. Experimental results demonstrate positive evaluation of usability and willingness to use by elderly users, especially those less experienced with technological devices who could benefit more from the adoption of robotic services. Further analyses showed how multi-modal modes of interaction support more flexible and natural elderly–robot interaction, make clear the benefits for the users and, therefore, increase its acceptability. Finally, we provide insights and lessons learned from the extensive experimentation, which, to the best of our knowledge, is one of the largest experimentation of a multi-robot multi-service system so far. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018) : Self-integrating Organic Control Systems: from Crayfish to Smart Homes In: ARCS: ARCS Workshop 2018; 31th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems: Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer SE, S. 1-8. Online verfügbar unter ARCS Workshop 2018; 31th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems
Abstract: Survival in complex environments, for both natural and artificial systems, requires behavioural adaptation to common changes and behavioural innovation to face the unexpected. The challenge here is to produce a vast variety of behaviours, each adapted to current circumstances, while relying on a limited amount of resources (e.g. sensors, controllers and actuators), within a 'suitable' time-frame. Drawing inspiration from neural and behavioural studies on crayfish, this position paper brings to the fore several key design features that enable organisms to address this challenge. It then proposes a similar design for artificial controllers, based on: i) an extensible set of reusable control units; and, ii) a goal-driven, context-sensitive (self-)integration process for assembling control units into a wide variety of integrated system controllers. Pre-integrated sub-controllers can also be merged, to improve efficiency while avoiding conflicts. The proposal is illustrated via a proof-of-concept implementation for the smart home, where users can add and remove goals and devices at runtime and the controller is adapted accordingly. This study brings us closer to our long-term objective of defining reusable methodologies and platforms for the development of self-* systems running in complex unpredictable environments, notably including smart homes, cities, vehicular networks and electrical grids, merged via the Internet of Things, and of People.
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(2018): Personalauswahl kompetent gestalten. Grundlagen und Praxis der Eignungsdiagnostik nach DIN 33430. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
Abstract: Einführung in die DIN 33430 -- Anforderungsprofil, Verhaltensbeobachtung und Verhaltensbeurteilung -- Eignungsinterviews/direkte mündliche Befragungen -- Anforderungsanalyse, Verfahren der Eignungsbeurteilung sowie rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen -- Statistisch-methodische Grundlagen der Eignungsbeurteilung -- Evaluation der Eignungsbeurteilung Dieses anwendungsnahe Grundlagenbuch erläutert den Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik zum gesamten Prozess der Personalauswahl: von A wie Anforderungsanalyse bis Z wie Zuverlässigkeit. Dabei werden die gängigen Verfahren Assessment-Center, Interview, Fragebogen und Tests thematisiert. Die sowohl in der Wissenschaft als auch in der Praxis anerkannten Autorinnen und Autoren zeigen, wie die Personalauswahl gestaltet werden kann, damit die Prozesse dem Qualitätsanspruch der DIN 33430 genügen. Das Buch ist Grundlage der Prüfung zur Personenlizenzierung für berufsbezogene Eignungsbeurteilungen nach DIN 33430. Der Inhalt Grundlagen der Eignungsdiagnostik nach DIN 33430 einschließlich rechtlicher Rahmenbedingungen; Anforderungsanalysen und Kompetenzprofile, Assessment-Center-Übungen, Interviews, Fragebogen und Tests; Statistisch-methodische Grundlagen und Evaluation der Eignungsbeurteilung im Hinblick auf Erfolgskriterien, Prognosegüte und Nutzen Die Zielgruppen Personalverantwortliche und Studierende der Psychologie sowie der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Jura mit Schwerpunkt Personal Der Herausgeber Das Diagnostik- und Testkuratorium (DTK) ist ein von der „Föderation Deutscher Psychologenvereinigungen“ getragenes Gremium. Das DTK ist zuständig für alle Aspekte der Qualitätssicherung und Qualitätsoptimierung des diagnostischen Prozesses einschließlich der diagnostischen Verfahren
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(2018): It's no problem to be polite. Apparent-time change in responses to thanks. In: Journal of Sociolinguistics 22 (2), S. 190-215. DOI: 10.1111/josl.12278
Abstract: This paper reports a rapid and anonymous study of apparent-time change in Toronto among the use of expressions such as you're welcome and no problem as responses to thanks, thank you, and thank you very much. We observe change in progress toward no problem and no worries at the expense of you're welcome. Meanwhile, a change in stylistic stratification is also taking place: for older speakers, no problem is a less formal response, suitable principally for responding to more perfunctory thanks, rather than more formal thank you; among younger speakers, no problem appears at equal rates in response to all levels of thanking expressions. This combination of changes may explain the intensity of the negative attention no problem attracts from prescriptivists and in popular media, in that older people perceive younger speakers as using what to them is an informal variant disproportionately frequently when a formal variant is called for. Cet article rapporte les resultats d'un sondage rapide et anonyme ciblant un changement en temps apparent en anglais torontois concernant les expressions telles que you're welcome et no problem en reponse a thanks, thank you et thank you very much. Nous constatons un changement en cours vers no problem et no worries au detriment de you're welcome. Ce changement est accompagne d'un nivellement stylistique : chez les locuteurs aines, no problem constitue une replique moins polie, convenable en reponse a thanks, variante familiere, plutot qu'a thank you, variante plus soignee; en revanche, chez les jeunes no problem affiche des taux de frequence contextuels qui ne tiennent pas compte de la nature de l'expression de remerciement utilisee. L'emploi de no problem fait couler beaucoup d'encre, ce qui s'expliquerait potentiellement par la complexite de cet ensemble de changements : les aines constateraient dans le discours soutenu des jeunes l'utilisation accrue d'une variante jugee deplacee, alors que les jeunes n'associent aucune marque de formalite a cette variante croissante.
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(2018) : Moral coherence processes and denial of moral complexity. In: Gray, Kurt James; Graham, Jesse (Hg.): Atlas of moral psychology: What do we evaluate when we evaluate moral character? - Helzer, Erik G.; Critcher, Clayton R.: New York, NY: The Guilford Press
Abstract: How do people deal with a morally complex and contradictory world? Moral judgment is an intuitive phenomenon, best understood as a process of implicit meaning making that often results in the denial of moral complexity and the shaping of descriptive beliefs to be consistent with prescriptive intuitions. Scholars have long recognized individuals’ tendency to mold seemingly contradictory information about their social world into a coherent whole. Moral judgment, we suggest, is no different, and in this chapter we explore how a desire for moral coherence can lead to the denial of moral complexity and encourage people to shape their descriptive understanding of the world to fit their prescriptive understanding of it. Moreover, we argue that people’s tendency to conflate moral and practical good plays a crucial role in exacerbating political conflict by leading individuals and groups with differing moral values to hold differing factual beliefs as well. (PsycINFO Database Record ( c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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Dorn, Christopher; Tacke, Veronika (Hg.) (2018): Vergleich und Leistung in der funktional differenzierten Gesellschaft. Wiesbaden: Springer VS
Abstract: Die moderne Gesellschaft übertrifft hinsichtlich ihrer ausgeprägten Leistungs- und Vergleichsorientierung alle ihre Vorläufer. Dabei ist jedoch zu prüfen, ob dies gleichermaßen für alle gesellschaftlichen Bereiche gilt, welche Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten sich beobachten lassen. Die Beiträge des Bandes beschreiben Leistungsvergleiche bzw. Verhältnisse von Leistung und Vergleich in verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Teilsystemen und beleuchten es zugleich an ausgewählten sozialen Strukturbildungen wie Staaten, Organisationen oder Professionen. Gefragt wird neben den jeweiligen Funktionen und Folgen auch nach Brüchen, Konflikten und Grenzen der leistungsbezogenen Vergleichslogik. Der Inhalt · Ausdifferenzierung und Funktionen von Vergleichen · Steuerung und Kontrolle durch Leistungsvergleiche · Einschränkungen und Grenzen Die Zielgruppe Sozialwissenschaftlerinnen und Sozialwissenschaftler Der Autor und die Autorin Dipl.-Soz. Christopher Dorn ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter im Lehrgebiet Soziologie III, Organisationssoziologie und qualitative Methoden, an der FernUniversität in Hagen. Dr. Veronika Tacke ist Professorin für Organisationssoziologie an der Universität Bielefeld
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(2018) : Towards Self-Explaining Digital Systems: A Design Methodology for the Next Generation: 2018 IEEE 3rd International Verification and Security Workshop (IVSW): Costa Brava, Spain: IEEE, S. 1-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IVSW.2018.8494900 Abstract: As digital systems get ever more complex, their behaviour may at times appear unfathomable. Users will only be prepared to accept this if they are convinced that the system does indeed work correctly. Thus, we argue the need for self-explaining systems: systems that are able to explain their behaviour, and the reasons for it. In this paper, we propose first steps towards a design methodology for such systems, and argue that beyond user acceptance, self-explanation also has other applications such as self-verification and reconfiguration. We propose a conceptual framework for self-explaining systems, discuss how to achieve completeness, and consider implementation aspects.
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(2018): Action Anticipation: Reading the Intentions of Humans and Robots. In: IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 3 (4), S. 4132-4139. DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2018.2861569
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2018.2861569 Abstract: Humans have the fascinating capacity of processing nonverbal visual cues to understand and anticipate the actions of other humans. This “intention reading” ability is underpinned by shared motor repertoires and action models, which we use to interpret the intentions of others as if they were our own. We investigate how different cues contribute to the legibility of human actions during interpersonal interactions. Our first contribution is a publicly available dataset with recordings of human body motion and eye gaze, acquired in an experimental scenario with an actor interacting with three subjects. From these data, we conducted a human study to analyze the importance of different nonverbal cues for action perception. As our second contribution, we used motion/gaze recordings to build a computational model describing the interaction between two persons. As a third contribution, we embedded this model in the controller of an iCub humanoid robot and conducted a second human study, in the same scenario with the robot as an actor, to validate the model's “intention reading” capability. Our results show that it is possible to model (nonverbal) signals exchanged by humans during interaction, and how to incorporate such a mechanism in robotic systems with the twin goal of being able to “read” human action intentionsand acting in a way that is legible by humans
Keywords: Blick / Gaze, Body Movement, EYE GAZE, Gaze, Gesichtserkennung, HRI, human-robot interaction, iCub, Intentionserkennung (Roboter erkennt Menschenintention), Körperbewegung, Körperhaltung, Körpersprache, Nichtverbale Kommunikation, nonverbal, Nonverbal behavior, non-verbal cues, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Soziosensitive Systeme -
(2018): Long-term cohabitation with a social robot: A case study of the influence of human attachment patterns. In: International Journal of Social Robotics 10 (1), S. 163-176. DOI: 10.1007/s12369-017-0439-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-017-0439-2 Abstract: This paper presents the methodology, setup and results of a study involving long-term cohabitation with a fully autonomous social robot. During the experiment, three people with different attachment styles (as defined by John Bowlby) spent ten days each with an EMYS type robot, which was installed in their own apartments. It was hypothesized that the attachment patterns represented by the test subjects influence the interaction. In order to provide engaging and non-schematic actions suitable for the experiment requirements, the existing robot control system was modified, which allowed EMYS to become an effective home assistant. Experiment data was gathered using the robot’s state logging utility (during the cohabitation period) and in-depth interviews (after the study). Based on the analyzed data, it was concluded that the satisfaction stemming from prolonged cohabitation and the assessment of robot’s operation depend on the user’s attachment style. Results lead to first robot’s behavior personalization guidelines for different user’s attachment patterns. The study confirmed readiness of a EMYS robot for satisfying, autonomous, and long-term cohabitation with users. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018): Adversarial Examples that Fool both Computer Vision and Time-Limited Humans. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Online verfügbar unter http://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.08195v3
Abstract: Machine learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples: small changes to images can cause computer vision models to make mistakes such as identifying a school bus as an ostrich. However, it is still an open question whether humans are prone to similar mistakes. Here, we address this question by leveraging recent techniques that transfer adversarial examples from computer vision models with known parameters and architecture to other models with unknown parameters and architecture, and by matching the initial processing of the human visual system. We find that adversarial examples that strongly transfer across computer vision models influence the classifications made by time-limited human observers.