Alle Publikationen
2018
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(2018): Happy to help?. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 76, S. 320-329. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.014
Abstract: Do acts of kindness improve the well-being of the actor? Recent advances in the behavioural sciences have provided a number of explanations of human social, cooperative and altruistic behaviour. These theories predict that people will be ‘happy to help’ family, friends, community members, spouses, and even strangers under some conditions. Here we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the experimental evidence that kindness interventions (for example, performing ‘random acts of kindness’) boost subjective well-being. Our initial search of the literature identified 489 articles; of which 24 (27 studies) met the inclusion criteria (total N/=/4045). These 27 studies, some of which included multiple control conditions and dependent measures, yielded 52 effect sizes. Multi-level modeling revealed that the overall effect of kindness on the well-being of the actor is small-to-medium (´/=/0.28). The effect was not moderated by sex, age, type of participant, intervention, control condition or outcome measure. There was no indication of publication bias. We discuss the limitations of the current literature, and recommend that future research test more specific theories of kindness: taking kindness-specific individual differences into account; distinguishing between the effects of kindness to specific categories of people; and considering a wider range of proximal and distal outcomes. Such research will advance our understanding of the causes and consequences of kindness, and help practitioners to maximise the effectiveness of kindness interventions to improve well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 1
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(2018): Differences in the Theory of Mind profiles of patients with anorexia nervosa and individuals on the autism spectrum: A meta-analytic review. In: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 90, S. 146-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.009 Abstract: Background This meta-analytic review examines the theory of mind profiles in both patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and autistic individuals. Methodology The studies examining theory of mind were divided into the following categories: emotional theory of mind, understanding simple social situations, understanding complex social interactions, and implicit social attribution. All included studies investigated differences between healthy control (HCs) individuals and people with AN or autistic people. Differences in theory of mind profile between people with AN and autistic people were explored by conducting moderator analyses. Results People with AN and autistic people showed a similar theory of mind profile, but autistic individuals showed greater difficulties, particularly in emotional theory of mind. Conclusions Although both people with AN and autistic people have significant difficulties in all aspects of theory of mind relative to the HCs, some differences in the underlying profile may be present. However, due to relative paucity of theory of mind research among people with AN, further research is still needed before firm conclusion can be drawn.
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(2018): Theory of mind and humanoid robots from a lifespan perspective. In: Zeitschrift für Psychologie 226 (2), S. 98-109. DOI: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000326
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000326 Abstract: This review focuses on some relevant issues concerning the relationship between theory of mind (ToM) and humanoid robots. Humanoid robots are employed in different everyday-life contexts, so it seems relevant to question whether the relationships between human beings and humanoids can be characterized by a mode of interaction typical of the relationships between human beings, that is, the attribution of mental states. Because ToM development continuously undergoes changes from early childhood to late adulthood, we adopted a lifespan perspective. We analyzed contributions from the literature by organizing them around the partition between 'mental states and actions' and 'human-like features.' Finally, we considered how studying human–robot interaction, within a ToM context, can contribute to our understanding of the intersubjective nature of this interaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2018) : Gender and peer relationships. In: Bukowski, William Michael; Laursen, Brett; Rubin, Kenneth H. (Hg.): Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups.: New York: Guilford Press, S. 571-589
Abstract: In this chapter, we provide contemporary theoretical and empirical information about the role of gender in the peer relations of children and adolescents. We begin by reviewing theoretical perspectives. These theories consider the development of sex-linked peer relationship processes and the impact of girls’ and boys’ peer relationships on their psychological adjustment. In regard to empirical research, research methods used to examine the role of gender in peer relationships are described. In addition, studies are reviewed that describe the nature of girls’ and boys’ peer relationships, including the tendency to segregate by sex and to engage in different activities. Finally, we consider the implications of girls’ and boys’ peer relationships, and their experiences in mixed-sex networks and friendships, on their emotional and behavioral adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
2017
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(2017): Beyond Dominance and Competence. A Moral Virtue Theory of Status Attainment. In: Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 21 (3), S. 203-227. DOI: 10.1177/1088868316649297
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225037 Abstract: Recognition has grown that moral behavior (e.g., generosity) plays a role in status attainment, yet it remains unclear how, why, and when demonstrating moral characteristics enhances status. Drawing on philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and organizational behavior, I critically review a third route to attaining status: virtue, and propose a moral virtue theory of status attainment to provide a generalized account of the role of morality in status attainment. The moral virtue theory posits that acts of virtue elicit feelings of warmth and admiration (for virtue), and willing deference, toward the virtuous actor. I further consider how the scope and priority of moralities and virtues endorsed by a moral community are bound by culture and social class to affect which moral characteristics enhance status. I end by outlining an agenda for future research into the role of virtue in status attainment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von: 5
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(2017): Motivated cognition and fairness. Insights, integration, and creating a path forward. In: The Journal of applied psychology 102 (6), S. 867-889. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000204
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28277729 Abstract: How do individuals form fairness perceptions? This question has been central to the fairness literature since its inception, sparking a plethora of theories and a burgeoning volume of research. To date, the answer to this question has been predicated on the assumption that fairness perceptions are subjective (i.e., "in the eye of the beholder"). This assumption is shared with motivated cognition approaches, which highlight the subjective nature of perceptions and the importance of viewing individuals arriving at those perceptions as active and motivated processors of information. Further, the motivated cognition literature has other key insights that have been less explicitly paralleled in the fairness literature, including how different goals (e.g., accuracy, directional) can influence how individuals process information and arrive at their perceptions. In this integrative conceptual review, we demonstrate how interpreting extant theory and research related to the formation of fairness perceptions through the lens of motivated cognition can deepen our understanding of fairness, including how individuals' goals and motivations can influence their subjective perceptions of fairness. We show how this approach can provide integration as well as generate new insights into fairness processes. We conclude by highlighting the implications that applying a motivated cognition perspective can have for the fairness literature and by providing a research agenda to guide the literature moving forward. (PsycINFO Database Record
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(2017): Cultural evolutionary theory. How culture evolves and why it matters. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, S. 7782-7789. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620732114
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28739941 Abstract: Human cultural traits-behaviors, ideas, and technologies that can be learned from other individuals-can exhibit complex patterns of transmission and evolution, and researchers have developed theoretical models, both verbal and mathematical, to facilitate our understanding of these patterns. Many of the first quantitative models of cultural evolution were modified from existing concepts in theoretical population genetics because cultural evolution has many parallels with, as well as clear differences from, genetic evolution. Furthermore, cultural and genetic evolution can interact with one another and influence both transmission and selection. This interaction requires theoretical treatments of gene-culture coevolution and dual inheritance, in addition to purely cultural evolution. In addition, cultural evolutionary theory is a natural component of studies in demography, human ecology, and many other disciplines. Here, we review the core concepts in cultural evolutionary theory as they pertain to the extension of biology through culture, focusing on cultural evolutionary applications in population genetics, ecology, and demography. For each of these disciplines, we review the theoretical literature and highlight relevant empirical studies. We also discuss the societal implications of the study of cultural evolution and of the interactions of humans with one another and with their environment. zitiert von 13
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(2017): Social Fear Learning. From Animal Models to Human Function. In: Trends in cognitive sciences 21 (7), S. 546-555. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.04.010
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28545935 Abstract: Learning about potential threats is critical for survival. Learned fear responses are acquired either through direct experiences or indirectly through social transmission. Social fear learning (SFL), also known as vicarious fear learning, is a paradigm successfully used for studying the transmission of threat information between individuals. Animal and human studies have begun to elucidate the behavioral, neural and molecular mechanisms of SFL. Recent research suggests that social learning mechanisms underlie a wide range of adaptive and maladaptive phenomena, from supporting flexible avoidance in dynamic environments to intergenerational transmission of trauma and anxiety disorders. This review discusses recent advances in SFL studies and their implications for basic, social and clinical sciences.
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(2017) : Sexism in Intimate Contexts. How Romantic Relationships Help Explain the Origins, Functions, and Consequences of Sexist Attitudes In: Sibley, Chris G.; Barlow, Fiona Kate (Hg.): The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 321-343
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.014 Abstract: In this chapter, we take a look at the central role that dynamics within romantic relationships play in the emergence, functions, and consequences of hostile and benevolent sexism toward women. We begin by examining men's endorsement of hostile and benevolent sexism. We first outline the difficulties that men's hostile sexism creates in romantic relationships and consider how these deficits necessitate benevolent sexism. We then consider the ways men's benevolent sexism functions within intimate relationships to facilitate men's intimacy needs while maintaining and promoting their power. In the second half of the chapter, we turn to women's endorsement of benevolent and hostile sexism. We review evidence showing that the relationship structure promised by benevolent sexism is appealing to women but has harmful personal and relationship consequences for them. We then offer a more speculative account of the role and impact of women's endorsement of hostile sexism. At the en d of the chapter, we consider other ways in which relationship processes can inform our understanding of sexist attitudes toward women and outline important future research directions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
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(2017): Parent-child learning interactions. A review of the literature on scaffolding. In: The British journal of educational psychology 87 (2), S. 241-254. DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12147
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28220477 Abstract: BACKGROUND Scaffolding can be observed during learning-based interactions, when interventions by parents are adjusted according to children's observed abilities, with the main goal of enabling the child to work independently (Wood et al., 1976, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 17, 89). Such contingent instruction behaviours occur from infancy, and are said to be relevant for children's development of executive function, language acquisition, and cognitive and academic abilities. Scaffolding behaviours are considered a product of the family and the wider context, a process affected by parent and child characteristics, and the environment they inhabit. Over 40 years of scaffolding research has produced an abundance of findings. Early investigations were concerned with the conceptualization of scaffolding, whereas more recent studies build upon the theory, testing its correlates and relevance for child development. AIMS This article offers an overview of the literature, focusing on the relevance of scaffolding for child developmental outcomes, and the factors associated with individual differences in the process. STRUCTURE The article is structured such that the origins of the theory and its definitions are discussed first, followed by an overview of the correlates of scaffolding. The review concludes with a critical evaluation of the literature, proposing novel avenues for future research.
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(2017): The use and impact of Twitter at medical conferences. Best practices and Twitter etiquette. In: Seminars in Hematology 54 (4), S. 184-188. DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2017.08.003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminhematol.2017.08.003 Abstract: The use of social media, and in particular, Twitter, for professional use among healthcare providers is rapidly increasing across the world. One medical subspecialty that is leading the integration of this new platform for communication into daily practice and for information dissemination to the general public is the field of hematology/oncology. A growing amount of research in this area demonstrates that there is increasing interest among physicians to learn not only how to use social media for consumption of educational material, but also how to generate and contribute original content in one’s interest/expert areas. One aspect in which this phenomenon has been highlighted is at the time of maximum new information presentation: at a major medical conference. Hematologists/oncologists are engaging regularly in one of the most common forms of social media, Twitter, during major medical conferences, for purposes of debate, discussion, and real-time evaluation of the data being presented. As interest has grown in this area, this article aims to review the new norms, practices, and impact of using Twitter at the time of medical conferences, and also explores some of the barriers and pitfalls that users are encountering in this emerging field.
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(2017): Entangled in Digital Media. In: Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 21 (1), S. 106-113. DOI: 10.5840/techne20172111
Abstract: Review of Digital Media: Human-Technology Connection, by Stacey O’Neal Irwin In the first wave of digital studies, between the 1980s and the early 1990s, the term ‘virtual’ used to have at least three meanings. First, it used to indicate a realm apart, a software-based dimension detached from physically existing reality. Second, the virtual was seen as a place where people could experiment, without the risks and the physical, social, and ethical constraints of real life, new possibilities, actions, and choices. This second acceptation is closer to the etymology of the word. In fact, ‘virtual’ comes from the Latin virtus/virtualis, which translates the Greek term ‘dynamis,’ ‘ability,’ ‘potential,’ ‘potency,’ ‘power.’ In his comment on the first three chapters of the ninth book of Aristotle’s Metaphysics, Martin Heidegger (1995) rendered ‘dynamis’ with ‘Kraft,’ ‘force,’ and ‘Vermögen', a term that might be translated as ‘ability,’ but also ‘faculty,’ ‘capacity,’ and ‘capability.’ As such, the virtual is not opposed to the real, but rather to the actual – ‘actus’ in Latin, translation of the Greek ‘energheia.’ And this is precisely the third meaning of ‘virtual’ as computer-mediated self- and social-empowerment. In other terms, ‘virtual’ and ‘virtuality’ refer to the effects, positive and negative, of online experimentations on real life.
2016
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(2016) : Sexism In: Nelson, Todd D.: Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination: Second edition: New York, NY; London: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group, S. 315-336
Abstract: Examines sexism and comments on recent research investigating various aspects of it. Concepts and findings regarding typical gender stereotypes, modern sexism, and neosexism are discussed. A particular focus is placed on the issue of ambivalent sexism and how females can be oppressed and loved at the same time through benevolent sexist beliefs such as paternalism or chivalry when based on perceived gender inequality. Sexism in romantic relationships is also addressed in depth. The author concludes with a review of the consequences of sexism and suggestions for confronting and reducing it.
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(2016): The conceptual link between social desirability and cultural normativity. In: International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie 51 (6), S. 474-480. DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12261
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26914819 Abstract: Psychologists have a recurrent concern that socially desirable responding (SDR) is a form of response distortion that compromises the validity of self-report measures, especially in high-stakes situations where participants are motivated to make a good impression. Psychologists have used various strategies to minimise SDR or its impact, for example, forced choice responding, ipsatization, and direct measures of social desirability. However, empirical evidence suggests that SDR is a robust phenomenon existing in many cultures and a substantive variable with meaningful associations with other psychological variables and outcomes. Here, we review evidence of the occurrence of SDR across cultures and tie SDR to the study of cultural normativity and cultural consonance in anthropology. We suggest that cultural normativity is an important component of SDR, which may partly explain the adaptiveness of SDR and its association with positive outcomes.
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(2016): Models of the evolution of fairness in the ultimatum game. A review and classification. In: Evolution and Human Behavior 37 (3), S. 245-254. DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.01.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.01.001 Abstract: In the ultimatum game, two people need to agree on the division of a sum of money. People usually divide money equally for the sake of fairness, and prefer to suffer financial losses rather than accept unfair divisions, contradicting the predictions of orthodox game theory. Models aimed at accounting for the evolution of such irrational preferences have put forward a great variety of explanations: biological, cultural, learning-based, human-specific (or not), etc. This diversity reflects the current absence of consensus in the scientific community, and possibly even an absence of debate. Here, we review 36 theoretical models of the evolution of human fairness published in the last 30 years, and identify six families into which they can all be broadly classified. We point out connections between the different families, and instantiate five of the mainstream models in the form of agent-based simulations for purposes of comparison. We identify a variety of theoretical, terminological, and conceptual problems that currently undermine progress in the field. Finally, we suggest directions for future research, and in particular the modeling of the evolution of fairness in a wider and more realistic range of situations.
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(2016): Status, Power, and Intergroup Relations. The Personal Is the Societal. In: Current Opinion in Psychology 11, S. 44-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.012
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27453923 Abstract: Hierarchies in the correlated forms of power (resources) and status (prestige) are constants that organize human societies. This article reviews relevant social psychological literature and identifies several converging results concerning power and status. Whether rank is chronically possessed or temporarily embodied, higher ranks create psychological distance from others, allow agency by the higher ranked, and exact deference from the lower ranked. Beliefs that status entails competence are essentially universal. Interpersonal interactions create warmth-competence compensatory tradeoffs. Along with societal structures (enduring inequality), these tradeoffs reinforce status-competence beliefs. Race, class, and gender further illustrate these dynamics. Although status systems are resilient, they can shift, and understanding those change processes is an important direction for future research, as global demographic changes disrupt existing hierarchies. zitiert von 25
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(2016): The neural correlates of moral decision-making. A systematic review and meta-analysis of moral evaluations and response decision judgements. In: Brain and Cognition 108, S. 88-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.07.007
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27566002 Abstract: The aims of this systematic review were to determine: (a) which brain areas are consistently more active when making (i) moral response decisions, defined as choosing a response to a moral dilemma, or deciding whether to accept a proposed solution, or (ii) moral evaluations, defined as judging the appropriateness of another's actions in a moral dilemma, rating moral statements as right or wrong, or identifying important moral issues; and (b) shared and significantly different activation patterns for these two types of moral judgements. A systematic search of the literature returned 28 experiments. Activation likelihood estimate analysis identified the brain areas commonly more active for moral response decisions and for moral evaluations. Conjunction analysis revealed shared activation for both types of moral judgement in the left middle temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus. Contrast analyses found no significant clusters of increased activation for the moral evaluations-moral response decisions contrast, but found that moral response decisions additionally activated the left and right middle temporal gyrus and the right precuneus. Making one's own moral decisions involves different brain areas compared to judging the moral actions of others, implying that these judgements may involve different processes.
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(2016): Cultural differences in moral judgment and behavior, across and within societies. In: Current Opinion in Psychology 8, S. 125-130. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.007
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29506787 Abstract: We review contemporary work on cultural factors affecting moral judgments and values, and those affecting moral behaviors. In both cases, we highlight examples of within-societal cultural differences in morality, to show that these can be as substantial and important as cross-societal differences. Whether between or within nations and societies, cultures vary substantially in their promotion and transmission of a multitude of moral judgments and behaviors. Cultural factors contributing to this variation include religion, social ecology (weather, crop conditions, population density, pathogen prevalence, residential mobility), and regulatory social institutions such as kinship structures and economic markets. This variability raises questions for normative theories of morality, but also holds promise for future descriptive work on moral thought and behavior.
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(2016) : Moral Emotions ☆ In: Stein, John: Reference module in neuroscience and biobehavioral psychology: Place of publication not identified: Elsevier, S. 644-649
Abstract: This article reviews current theory and research on moral emotions with a particular focus on the development of moral emotions in childhood and adolescence. The development of moral emotions is central to theories and research on morality and social-emotional development. After providing definitions and outlining a key theoretical model of moral emotions, the major studies addressing the development of the various moral emotions, as well as the relations to human social behavior such as aggression and prosociality, are reviewed. Finally, educational practices aimed at enhancing the development of moral emotions are highlighted and examples of best-practice approaches are reviewed.
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(2016): Doing emotions. The role of culture in everyday emotions. In: European Review of Social Psychology 28 (1), S. 95-133. DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2017.1329107
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2017.1329107 Abstract: Emotional experience is culturally constructed. In this review, we discuss evidence that cultural differences in emotions are purposeful, helping an individual to meet the mandate of being a good person in their culture. We also discuss research showing that individual’s fit to the cultural emotion norm is associated with well-being, and suggest that this link may be explained by the fact that normative emotions meet the cultural mandate. Finally, we discuss research that sheds light on some of the collective processes of emotion construction: social interactions and emotion representations are geared towards promoting emotions that are conducive to the cultural mandate. In conclusion, we suggest that individuals become part of their culture by 'doing emotions' in a way that is consistent with the cultural mandate, and that in intercultural interactions, emotions can be literally 'at cross purposes': each person’s emotions are constructed to fit the purposes of their own cult ure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) zitiert von 4
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(2016): Barriers to women engaging in collective action to overcome sexism. In: The American psychologist 71 (9), S. 863-874. DOI: 10.1037/a0040345
DOI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28032778 Abstract: Over centuries women have fought hard to obtain increasing gender equality, but despite these successes absolute equality remains an elusive goal. Theoretically, women's numerical strength makes them well-placed to take effective collective action, and millions of women engage in feminist collective action every day. In this article, however, we argue that women also face barriers to engaging in feminist collective action; barriers that are associated with the social construction and experience of what it means to be a woman. Our review synthesizes sexism research under a contemporary collective action framework to clarify our current understanding of the literature and to offer novel theoretical explanations for why women might be discouraged from engaging in feminist collective action. Using the antecedents of collective action identified by van Zomeren, Postmes, and Spears' (2008) meta-analysis, we critically review the sexism literature to argue that women face challenges when it comes to (a) identifying with other women and feminists, (b) perceiving sexism and expressing group-based anger, and (c) recognizing the efficacy of collective action. We then outline a research agenda with a view to investigating ways of overcoming these barriers. (PsycINFO Database Record
Keywords: collective behavior, feminism, Gender Equality, Geschlechterforschung, Human Females, Review, Sexism 2015
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(2015): Coordination, Collaboration and Cooperation. In: Interaction Studies 16 (3), S. 383-418. DOI: 10.1075/is.16.3.03ami
Abstract: Reviews the literature on the evolution and development of human cooperation, emphasizing important aspects of intercultural variation in collaborative and cooperative behavior. Humans have attained an unparalleled level of sophistication when engaging in collaborative and cooperative activities. Remarkably, the skills and motivation to engage in complex forms of collaboration and cooperation seem to emerge early on during infancy and childhood. The authors confront the different evolutionary scenarios in which cooperation may have emerged and provide the reader with a first orientation in the abundant literature on human cooperation. zitiert von 4
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(2015): The evolution and development of human cooperation. In: Interaction Studies 16 (3), S. 383-418
Abstract: Reviews the literature on the evolution and development of human cooperation, emphasizing important aspects of intercultural variation in collaborative and cooperative behavior. Humans have attained an unparalleled level of sophistication when engaging in collaborative and cooperative activities. Remarkably, the skills and motivation to engage in complex forms of collaboration and cooperation seem to emerge early on during infancy and childhood. The authors confront the different evolutionary scenarios in which cooperation may have emerged and provide the reader with a first orientation in the abundant literature on human cooperation.
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(2015): Measuring social complexity. In: Animal Behaviour 103, S. 203-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.02.018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.02.018 Abstract: In one of the first formulations of the social complexity hypothesis, Humphrey (1976, page 316, Growing Points in Ethology, Cambridge University Press) predicts ‘that there should be a positive correlation across species between social complexity and individual intelligence’. However, in the many ensuing tests of the hypothesis, surprisingly little consideration has been given to measures of the independent variable in this evolutionary relationship, that is, social complexity. Here, we seek to encourage more rigorous measures of social complexity. We first review previous definitions of this variable and point to two common flaws; a lack of objectivity and a failure to directly connect sociality to the use of cognition. We argue that, rather than creating circularity, including cognition in the definition of social complexity is necessary for accurately testing the social complexity hypothesis. We propose a new definition of social complexity that is based on the number of differentiated relationships that individuals have. We then demonstrate that the definition is both broadly applicable and flexible, allowing researchers to include more detailed information about the degree of differentiation among individuals when the data are available. While we see this definition of social complexity as one possible way forward, our larger goal is to encourage researchers examining the social complexity hypothesis to carefully consider their measurement of social complexity.
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(2015): Toward a general model of fairness perception formation: A critical review and revision of fairness theory.. Dissertation. University of Arizona, Arizona, US, zuletzt geprüft am 07.03.2018
Abstract: Fairness theory represents a widely cited framework for modeling the cognitive processes that underlie the formation of fairness perceptions in the workplace. Nonetheless, imprecise language and scant empirical research limit its ability to further organizational justice research. Therefore, in this dissertation I provide a review and critique of fairness theory suggesting several revisions. I then build upon this revised model to develop a new model of fairness perception formation. The developed model is tested via a laboratory experiment and a field study, both of which provide initial evidence in favor of the proposed model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)